영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Researchers who ①study teenagers have found a strong link between how well students sleep and how well they perform in school. Students who sleep fewer than seven hours a night tend to score lower on tests of memory and attention than those who ②sleep eight or nine hours, even when the two groups study for the same number of hours. One explanation is that sleep plays an active role in learning: during certain stages of sleep, the brain replays and strengthens information ③encountered during the day, converting fragile short-term memories into more durable long-term ones. When sleep is cut short, this consolidation process is interrupted before it can finish, so material that seemed well understood the night before often ④feel unfamiliar the next morning. For this reason, some schools have begun rethinking early start times, reasoning that an extra hour of sleep might do more for test scores than an extra hour of studying ever ⑤could.

Consider a village green shared freely by every herder in the community, where each individual may graze as many animals as they wish without paying any fee. From the perspective of any single herder, adding one more animal to the shared pasture brings a clear personal ①loss, since the extra income belongs entirely to that herder alone. The cost of the additional grazing, however, is spread thinly across every herder who uses the green, so no single individual bears more than a tiny fraction of the ②damage. Because this calculation favors adding more animals for every rational herder, the shared pasture is gradually ③overgrazed until it can no longer support any animals at all, harming the very community whose rational members caused the collapse. Philosophers use this scenario to illustrate a troubling gap between what benefits an individual in the short term and what preserves a shared resource in the ④long term, a gap that voluntary self-restraint alone rarely ⑤closes.

Remote work has moved from a rare privilege to a common practice for millions of employees worldwide. Supporters argue that remote work ①decreases productivity, since employees avoid long commutes and distracting office environments. It also allows companies to hire talented people regardless of where they live, ②widening the pool of candidates. Critics, however, worry that remote work ③weakens teamwork and makes it harder for new employees to learn from experienced colleagues. Without regular face-to-face interaction, some workers feel ④isolated and struggle to build strong professional relationships. For these reasons, many experts suggest that the future of work will likely be hybrid, ⑤combining flexibility with occasional in-person collaboration.

For centuries, dreams have ①fascinated scientists and philosophers alike, yet no single theory fully explains why the sleeping brain generates such vivid and often bizarre experiences. One prominent idea suggests that dreaming helps the brain process emotional experiences, replaying difficult events in a ②safe, low-stakes environment so that their emotional intensity gradually fades. Another theory proposes that dreams serve a more practical function, allowing the brain to ③ignore responses to threats without any real danger, a kind of nightly simulation that may have offered early humans a survival advantage. Still other researchers argue that dreaming is simply a byproduct of the brain organizing memories, with vivid imagery arising as the mind sorts through the day's ④information rather than serving any independent purpose of its own. Because these theories rest on indirect evidence, none has been ⑤conclusively proven.

Behavioral economists have long observed that people tend to feel the pain of losing something more intensely than the pleasure of gaining an equivalent amount, a tendency known as loss aversion. Consider an investor who refuses to sell a declining stock, clinging to the hope that its price will eventually recover, even when all available evidence indicates that selling and reinvesting elsewhere would be more rational. As a result, loss aversion frequently pushes individuals toward ___________ rather than toward the outcome that would maximize their overall welfare.

Sleep debt refers to the cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply be repaid with a single long weekend of rest. When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it accumulates the deficit, and _______________. Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person noticing the decline. This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps deteriorating. Consequently, people frequently underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly exposes the accumulated cost.

The twenty-hour rule proposes that years of practice are not needed to become skilled at a new activity. Only about twenty hours of effort are needed to reach a useful level. Unlike theories claiming true mastery requires ten thousand hours, this rule targets a more modest goal. That goal is simple competence for everyday use. According to supporters, ___________, since a beginner has room to grow. Someone learning guitar can typically strum simple chords and follow a basic song within twenty hours of daily practice. Likewise, a language learner may soon order food or ask directions without years of formal study. Advocates emphasize that the twenty hours must be deliberate and focused, broken into short daily sessions rather than one long stretch. The hours should be aimed at fixing weaknesses rather than repeating what one already knows.

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. (A) REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements and brain activity resembling wakefulness, and is believed to help consolidate memories and process emotions. (B) A healthy night cycles through both stages several times, and disrupting either one can leave a person feeling unrested despite a full night in bed. (C) During non-REM sleep, particularly its deepest stage, the brain waves slow dramatically and the body focuses on physical repair.

Aerobic exercise, such as jogging, swimming, or cycling at a steady pace, produces a wide range of benefits that extend well beyond simple calorie burning. (A) This adaptation explains why trained athletes often have a much lower resting heart rate than sedentary individuals of the same age. (B) Over weeks of consistent training, the heart gradually enlarges and becomes more efficient, delivering the same amount of oxygen to working muscles while beating fewer times per minute. (C) Most fundamentally, it strengthens the heart itself, forcing it to pump larger volumes of blood with each beat.

주어진 문장: Unlike traditional employees, these workers are typically classified as independent contractors. The gig economy, in which people take on short-term or freelance jobs instead of full-time positions, has grown rapidly over the past decade. Digital platforms now connect customers directly with drivers, designers, writers, and countless other independent workers within minutes. ( ① ) This model offers clear advantages: workers can choose when and how much they work, and businesses can hire help only when they actually need it. ( ② ) For many young people entering the job market, gig work provides valuable flexibility that traditional employment rarely allows. ( ③ ) However, gig workers often lack benefits such as health insurance, paid leave, and retirement savings, which full-time employees typically receive. ( ④ ) Because their income can fluctuate sharply from month to month, many gig workers struggle to plan their finances confidently. ( ⑤ ) As this sector continues to expand, governments face growing pressure to design policies that protect independent workers.