영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Philosopher Harry Frankfurt devised a scenario ①to challenge a long-held assumption about moral responsibility: that a person can be blamed for an action only if they could genuinely have done otherwise. Imagine a man named Black who secretly implants a device in another man's brain, ②ready to force a particular decision if the second man shows any sign of choosing differently. The second man, however, decides entirely on his own to perform the very action Black wanted, and the device never ③activating at all. Black's hidden mechanism made it impossible for the man ④to have chosen otherwise, yet most people still consider him fully responsible for what he freely decided to do. Frankfurt used this scenario to argue that moral responsibility depends on the actual reasoning behind a choice, not on some abstract guarantee that an alternative path ⑤remained available the entire time.

More and more teenagers today ①dream of starting their own business someday. Some students design and sell handmade jewelry online, while others ②create simple mobile apps as a hobby. This growing interest is partly due to the internet, ③which make it easy to reach customers without a physical store. Starting a small business also teaches skills ④that traditional classes rarely offer, such as managing money and marketing a product. Still, most teen entrepreneurs say that failure ⑤taught them more than any success did.

Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions ①dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. According to this theory, individuals constantly observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose to stay ②vocal rather than risk social isolation or criticism. This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even ③rarer than it actually is, discouraging additional supporters from speaking up. Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion to appear increasingly ④unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly ⑤noticeable while unpopular ones remain hidden.

Advertisements often rely on subtle psychological techniques that persuade viewers without their conscious awareness. One common method, known as social proof, shows images of many people using or enjoying a product, suggesting that its popularity guarantees quality. Another technique appeals to authority, featuring experts or professionals endorsing a product to make it seem more credible and trustworthy. Emotional appeals are equally common, connecting products with feelings such as happiness, nostalgia, or belonging rather than focusing on practical features. Repetition also plays a significant role, since seeing the same advertisement multiple times increases familiarity, which people often mistake for reliability. Researchers studying consumer behavior have found that ___________, since awareness disrupts the automatic psychological response advertisers depend on.

Food poisoning cases increase sharply during the hot summer months because ___________. To protect yourself, wash your hands before preparing food, cook meat and eggs thoroughly, and keep perishable food in the refrigerator rather than leaving it out at room temperature.

Attention, students! Our school festival is going green this year, and we truly need your help. This event aims to reduce the disposable waste that usually piles up during the celebration. (A) First, please bring your own cup, plate, and utensils to every food booth you visit. Second, each booth should use reusable decorations rather than paper banners that get thrown away within hours. (B) If your booth needs supplies, please contact the student council office before Friday. Let us work together to create a festival that is both fun and eco-friendly. (C) Students who join as Green Helpers will manage the recycling stations, sorting cans, bottles, and paper carefully all day long. Therefore, everyone's small cooperation will directly lower the amount of trash sent to the landfill. However, single-use plastic bags are strictly prohibited at every booth this year.

Students who read many books across many different subjects often develop a habit that quieter learners sometimes lack: the habit of comparing new information with what they already know. (A) A student who has read about ancient wars, ocean ecosystems, and modern economics can more easily notice when two different subjects share a similar pattern. (B) This kind of connection-making is closely related to what psychologists call critical thinking, since seeing a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar topic allows a person to ask sharper questions instead of accepting new information at face value. (C) Extensive reading also builds a large mental library of examples, and teachers often notice that widely read students argue more carefully, supporting their opinions with specific examples rather than vague generalizations.

주어진 문장: Without such outside checks, companies could easily present exaggerated or even false claims as genuine achievements. As consumers become more aware of global social and environmental issues, many now expect companies to take responsibility beyond simply selling products. ( ① ) This expectation has given rise to ethical consumption, in which shoppers consider factors such as fair wages, humane treatment of animals, and environmental sustainability before making purchases. ( ② ) Companies that ignore these concerns risk public backlash, especially when unethical practices are exposed through investigative journalism or social media. ( ③ ) Some corporations have responded by publishing detailed sustainability reports, though critics question whether these documents reflect genuine change or merely serve as public relations tools. ( ④ ) Real accountability, according to many experts, requires independent verification rather than self-reported claims that cannot be easily checked. ( ⑤ ) Consumers, for their part, must also remain vigilant, since a company's marketing language does not always match its actual practices.

Few of these later buyers, however, possess any independent basis for judging whether the asset's price still bears any relation to its underlying value. A speculative bubble typically begins with a genuine, defensible reason for optimism, such as a promising new technology or an unusually favorable economic environment. ( ① ) Early investors who recognize this genuine opportunity purchase the asset and, as expected, often see its price rise accordingly. ( ② ) As word of these early gains spreads, a second wave of investors enters the market, drawn less by independent analysis than by the simple observation that the price has already climbed. ( ③ ) They are, in effect, purchasing confidence rather than value, trusting that the crowd's continued enthusiasm will sustain or further elevate the price. ( ④ ) This reliance on collective momentum rather than fundamental analysis is precisely what transforms a reasonable initial rally into an unsustainable bubble. ( ⑤ ) When the momentum eventually falters, as it inevitably must, the absence of any solid fundamental foundation leaves the price with nothing to support it.

주어진 문장: Thanks to her call, I felt understood and ready to try again. On the first day of winter break, my friend Yuna and I sat in a cafe and talked about the new year ahead. ( ① ) Instead of making separate plans, we decided to write our goals together on one sheet of paper. ( ② ) Yuna wanted to improve her English speaking, while I wanted to wake up earlier every morning. ( ③ ) We agreed to text each other every night to report what we had done that day. ( ④ ) At first, it felt exciting, but after two weeks, I began to feel tired and wanted to quit. Yuna noticed my short replies and called me instead of just texting. She reminded me why I had chosen this goal in the first place. ( ⑤ ) Because we supported each other through difficult moments, both of us successfully reached our goals by spring.