영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

People often recognize, in calm reflection, that their future selves will be tempted to ①abandoning a goal they currently value. Rather than relying solely on willpower at the critical moment, they may choose to restrict their own future options in advance, a strategy ②known as precommitment. By making certain choices costly, inconvenient, or impossible to reverse, individuals can protect a long-term goal from a short-term impulse that has not yet ③arisen. A person hoping to save money might lock funds into an account that penalizes early withdrawal, removing the very temptation that would otherwise be difficult to ④resist. Similarly, someone ⑤determined to finish a project might publicly announce a deadline, transforming private intentions into a commitment that carries social consequences if broken.

Browsing an online store today often means chatting with an AI assistant that asks a few quick questions, such as budget or intended use, before suggesting a short list of products ①tailored to the answers. Unlike a static list of best-sellers, this assistant can adjust its suggestions on the spot, responding to follow-up questions the way a knowledgeable salesperson might in a physical store. Retailers report that shoppers who use these chatbots tend to ②complete purchases more often and return fewer items, since the guided conversation helps buyers choose products that actually fit their needs. Some shoppers, however, remain ③confident about how personal the questions can feel, wondering how much of that conversation is quietly stored and reused to influence future purchases. Consumer advocates argue that stores should ④clearly explain what happens to this data, rather than ⑤burying the explanation in a lengthy privacy policy that almost no one reads.

Walking down a crowded street while staring at a phone screen has become such a common sight that it barely draws attention anymore, even though the habit turns a pedestrian into one of the ①most alert people on the sidewalk. Researchers who study attention describe this as a kind of tunnel vision: a person absorbed in a text message or a video processes only a ②narrow slice of the surrounding environment, filtering out approaching cars, uneven pavement, and other pedestrians almost entirely. What makes this danger especially difficult to address is that pedestrians ③rarely recognize the risk in the moment; unlike distracted driving, which is widely ④condemned, glancing at a phone while crossing the street still feels like a ⑤harmless habit to most people who do it every day.

When a classmate began writing her diary entries in elaborate, flowing calligraphy instead of ordinary handwriting, I assumed she was simply trying to make her notebook look ①plain. Curious, I asked her to teach me one afternoon, and I quickly discovered that calligraphy demands far more ②patience than I had expected. Every stroke has to be planned before the pen touches the paper, since a brush pen cannot be casually ③corrected once ink has already spread across the page. She told me that slowing her hand down to this deliberate pace actually helped her think more clearly, because rushing through a sentence in calligraphy simply was not physically possible. What began as decoration for her gradually became a kind of ④meditation, a rare part of her day when she could not multitask or hurry. I left that lesson with ink-stained fingers and a newfound respect for how much ⑤concentration a single beautifully written word can require.

During exam season last year, our school counselor introduced a weekly drop-in session where students could paint freely for thirty minutes without any instructions or grading. I attended mostly out of curiosity, expecting a relaxing but ultimately pointless activity, since I have never considered myself artistically talented. To my surprise, filling a blank page with color, without worrying whether the result looked good, left me noticeably calmer than scrolling through my phone during the same amount of free time. The counselor explained that _______________. Several classmates who initially came only to avoid studying kept returning on their own afterward. None of us left with a masterpiece, but many of us left the room feeling noticeably lighter than when we had walked in.

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally opposed, or whether the relationship between them changes shape as an economy matures. (A) In its early stages, industrializing nations prioritize output over conservation, treating clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will to demand stricter regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. (B) Some scholars regard this trajectory as a reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall. (C) The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that pollution initially rises alongside economic growth before eventually declining once a society crosses a certain threshold of wealth.

When temperatures drop below freezing overnight, an invisible layer of black ice can form on sidewalks that look perfectly dry, catching even careful walkers off guard. (A) Walking with shorter, flatter steps and keeping the hands free rather than in pockets can help a person regain balance quickly if a foot suddenly slides. (B) Orthopedic doctors report a sharp rise in wrist and hip injuries every winter, most of them caused not by dramatic slips on icy hills but by a single unexpected step near a bus stop or a doorway. (C) Unlike a visibly icy patch, black ice reflects almost no light and blends into ordinary pavement, which is why so many falls happen on stretches that pedestrians would never suspect.

주어진 문장: This curvature reflects a broader principle: sensitivity to change diminishes as the underlying quantity grows, whether that quantity represents a gain or a loss. Prospect theory proposes that the subjective value of money is not a straight line but a curved function, differing sharply from the assumptions of classical economic models. ( ① ) In the domain of gains, the function bends downward as amounts increase, so the psychological difference between earning zero and one hundred dollars feels far greater than between earning one thousand and eleven hundred. ( ② ) A parallel pattern appears among losses, where the curve bends in the opposite direction, yet sensitivity still fades as the amount grows larger. ( ③ ) This tendency, known as diminishing sensitivity, explains why a shopper barely notices a ten dollar increase on a two thousand dollar purchase, though the same ten dollars would matter enormously as the price of a meal. ( ④ ) Researchers illustrate this curvature with graphs shaped like an S turned sideways, sloping gently near the center and flattening toward both extremes. ( ⑤ ) Understanding this curvature allows economists to predict decisions that a simple, linear model of value could never anticipate.

주어진 문장: Correcting this bias, therefore, requires more than good intentions or personal willpower. Anyone who has ever promised to finish a project "by Friday," only to still be working on it weeks later, has experienced the planning fallacy firsthand. ( ① ) This term describes the persistent tendency of individuals and organizations to underestimate how long a task will take, how much it will cost, and how many complications will inevitably arise. ( ② ) What makes this bias particularly stubborn is that awareness of past failures rarely leads to more accurate predictions; a construction firm that finished its last three projects late will often insist, with genuine confidence, that this next project will be different. ( ③ ) Researchers argue that planners focus almost exclusively on the specific steps of the current task while ignoring the broader statistical record of similar projects that came before. ( ④ ) One proposed remedy, known as reference class forecasting, requires planners to deliberately consult outcomes from comparable past projects rather than relying solely on their own optimistic intuition. ( ⑤ ) Until such external correction becomes standard practice, ambitious deadlines will likely continue to be broken with remarkable consistency.

주어진 문장: This asymmetry is troubling precisely because, in reality, risk and benefit are often unrelated or even inversely related. When people are asked to judge how risky or beneficial a particular technology is, they rarely conduct anything resembling a careful cost-benefit analysis. ( ① ) Instead, they consult a quick emotional impression, an instinctive sense of whether the technology feels good or feels bad, and let that impression guide their entire judgment. ( ② ) This mental shortcut, known as the affect heuristic, produces a curious pattern that traditional risk theory struggles to explain: activities people like tend to be judged as both safer and more beneficial, while activities they dislike are judged as both riskier and less beneficial, even when no logical relationship between risk and benefit exists. ( ③ ) For example, when researchers presented a fictional industrial chemical alongside a brief description emphasizing its convenience, participants rated it not only as more useful but also, illogically, as less dangerous. ( ④ ) Because emotional impressions form so rapidly and feel so trustworthy, correcting for this heuristic requires deliberate effort; simply presenting more accurate statistics to already anxious or enthusiastic audiences rarely changes their underlying judgment. ( ⑤ )