영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A striking proportion of individual investors believe their own stock-picking ability to be above average, a statistical impossibility given that only half of any population can genuinely outperform the rest, yet a pattern that ①persists with remarkable consistency across surveys. This tendency, known as overconfidence bias, leads investors ②to trade more frequently than a more cautious assessment of their own skill would justify. Extensive research comparing the trading records of numerous individual accounts has demonstrated that investors who trade most frequently ③tends to earn substantially lower returns than those who trade rarely, largely because transaction costs accumulate and because frequent trading often reflects overconfident reactions to short-term noise rather than genuine insight. Overconfidence also manifests in the tendency to underestimate the range of possible outcomes, ④causing investors to concentrate their holdings in a small number of assets they feel certain about rather than diversifying across a broader portfolio. Paradoxically, then, the very confidence that motivates investors to act decisively often ⑤undermines the outcomes they are trying to achieve.

Cognitive load theory begins from the premise that working memory, the mental workspace in which incoming information is ①temporarily held and manipulated, can accommodate only a limited number of novel elements at any given moment, in stark contrast to the comparatively vast capacity of long-term memory. When instructional materials ②introduce more interacting elements than this narrow workspace can simultaneously process, learners experience what theorists call cognitive overload, a condition under which comprehension deteriorates and errors multiply regardless of how motivated the learner might be. Because much of this burden ③arises not from the intrinsic difficulty of the subject matter itself but from the manner in which information is presented, instructional designers can substantially reduce unnecessary strain by eliminating redundant explanations, ④aligning visual and verbal elements so that learners need not mentally integrate scattered sources, and gradually withdrawing guidance as competence develops. Ignoring these principles, by contrast, ⑤risks to overwhelm novices with demands that exceed their processing capacity, however well-organized the underlying content may be.

When people encounter ①solid scientific evidence about climate change, we might expect them to accept it without hesitation. However, many individuals still ②dismiss or downplay such evidence, and psychologists explain this pattern through a concept called motivated reasoning. Motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to process information in a way that protects one's existing beliefs, identity, or lifestyle rather than to pursue objective truth. For example, a person whose livelihood depends on the fossil fuel industry may ③unconsciously search for reasons to doubt climate data, even while claiming to value scientific accuracy. This happens because accepting uncomfortable facts can ④protect a person's sense of self or demand costly lifestyle changes. Therefore, simply presenting more data ⑤rarely persuades a committed skeptic. Instead, experts suggest connecting climate information to values the person already holds, such as family safety or economic stability, so that acceptance feels natural rather than threatening.

Financial markets occasionally experience episodes in which asset prices rise far beyond any level that careful analysis of underlying fundamentals could justify, a phenomenon commonly attributed to herd psychology. During such episodes, individual investors often conclude that continuing to buy is reasonable simply because so many others are doing the same, rather than because any independent evaluation supports the purchase. Understanding market bubbles thus requires looking beyond conventional economic fundamentals toward the ___________ that binds individual investors into a single, momentum-driven crowd.

People routinely seek out information that confirms what they already believe while overlooking or dismissing evidence that contradicts those beliefs, a pattern known as confirmation bias. Investors who believe a particular company will succeed tend to interpret ambiguous news about that company favorably, while skeptical investors interpret identical news unfavorably, even though both groups are examining the same underlying facts. Correcting for this bias therefore requires deliberate effort, since the mind offers no natural signal indicating that its search for information has been ___________ rather than balanced.

Among the many tools available to those who design choice environments, few are as quietly powerful as the default option, the alternative that takes effect automatically unless a person actively selects something else. Because changing a default requires deliberate effort, many individuals simply accept whatever arrangement has been preselected for them. Designers of public policy and digital platforms alike have consequently come to recognize that setting a thoughtful default can achieve outcomes that ___________ often struggle to accomplish through persuasion or financial incentive alone.

Choice architecture is often praised for gently guiding people toward better decisions without limiting their freedom of choice. (A) For this reason, many public health officials now design forms so that healthy options are listed first and selected automatically. (B) Studies have found that simply changing the order in which cafeteria foods are displayed can shift what students choose to eat. (C) One striking illustration of this idea comes from school cafeterias, where the placement of food items strongly influences student behavior.

My older sister suggested that I make a more realistic plan instead. When summer vacation began, I decided to make a daily schedule so that I would not waste my free time. ( ① ) At first, my plan was too strict, with study sessions packed back to back and almost no breaks. ( ② ) After only three days, I felt exhausted and gave up on the schedule completely. ( ③ ) She recommended setting two or three main goals for each day rather than filling every single hour. ( ④ ) I also learned to include short breaks between tasks, since resting actually helps me focus better afterward. ( ⑤ ) Since making these changes, I have been able to follow my schedule much more consistently.

주어진 문장: This kind of accuracy might seem convenient at first, but it also raises troubling questions about surveillance. Online advertising algorithms analyze enormous amounts of user data to determine which products a person is most likely to purchase. ( ① ) Every click, search, and pause while scrolling provides information that these systems use to refine future advertisements. ( ② ) As a result, the ads that appear on a person's screen often feel remarkably specific, sometimes referencing items browsed only minutes earlier. ( ③ ) Supporters argue that this level of precision benefits consumers by reducing exposure to irrelevant advertisements and highlighting products they genuinely need. ( ④ ) Critics, however, worry that constant exposure to tailored ads can encourage unnecessary spending, since algorithms are specifically designed to identify and exploit individual weaknesses. ( ⑤ ) Because these algorithms operate largely without public oversight, few consumers fully understand how their personal data shapes what they eventually buy.

Storing a damp umbrella in a closed bag can cause mold and a bad smell. During the rainy season, umbrellas and raincoats become essential items for daily life. ( ① ) After using a wet umbrella, open it fully and let it dry in a well-ventilated place before folding it again. ( ② ) Raincoats should also be hung up to dry completely before being put away. ( ③ ) It is helpful to wipe off dirt and mud with a soft cloth, since dirt left on the fabric can damage the waterproof coating. ( ④ ) In addition, check the umbrella's frame regularly for rust or broken parts. ( ⑤ ) Taking care of these simple items will help you stay dry all season long.