영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Desalination, the process of ①removing dissolved salts from seawater to produce fresh water, has increasingly been adopted by coastal regions facing chronic water scarcity. Most modern facilities rely on reverse osmosis, a technique in which seawater is ②forced through membranes whose microscopic pores block salt while letting water molecules pass. Because this method consumes far less energy than the thermal distillation once dominant in the industry, it has become the preferred choice for large-scale plants. Nevertheless, desalination remains an inherently costly and environmentally burdensome solution, a fact often overlooked amid enthusiasm for ending water shortages. For instance, the process generates a concentrated byproduct called brine, which, when discharged without adequate dilution, can raise local salinity to levels that ③harms marine life. Pumping seawater through membranes at high pressure also ④demands substantial electricity, so plants powered by fossil fuels can worsen the emissions that intensify drought. Therefore, engineers increasingly argue that desalination should be ⑤treated not as a stand-alone remedy but as one component of a broader conservation strategy.

During the hottest weeks of summer, the city operates free cooling centers for anyone ①who needs a break from the heat. These cooling centers, located in community halls and public libraries, ②provided air-conditioned spaces where visitors can rest comfortably. Most cooling centers ③are open from nine in the morning until six in the evening, seven days a week. Visitors can enjoy free drinking water, read newspapers, or ④simply relax in a cool environment. City officials encourage residents ⑤to check the nearest location on the city website before visiting.

A small riverside village had endured severe flooding almost every summer, ①watching helplessly as rising water damaged homes and destroyed crops year after year. Frustrated residents eventually decided to pursue climate adaptation, ②adjusted their infrastructure and habits to reduce the damage caused by increasingly unpredictable weather. Engineers widened the drainage canals surrounding the village, ③allowing excess rainwater to flow away more efficiently instead of pooling in low-lying streets. Meanwhile, several families ④whose houses stood in the most vulnerable areas relocated to higher ground, even though leaving their long-time homes was emotionally difficult. The village also installed an early warning system that sent alerts to residents' phones whenever river levels rose dangerously fast. When a powerful storm struck three years later, the new measures proved effective, and the village suffered only minor damage instead of the devastating losses it had previously faced. ⑤Their resilience became a model for neighboring communities.

When engineers design the software ①that controls a self-driving car, they inevitably face a question that philosophers have debated for decades. If a crash becomes unavoidable, should the vehicle protect its own passenger at all costs, or should it be programmed ②minimizing total harm, even if that means steering toward the person inside? Surveys reveal an uncomfortable contradiction: most people say a car should be programmed to save the greater number of lives, yet the same people admit ③they would never buy a vehicle designed to sacrifice its own owner. This gap between the ideal and the personal choice suggests that ethical programming cannot ④be settled by public opinion alone. Manufacturers, regulators, and philosophers must instead agree on transparent rules before autonomous vehicles ⑤are allowed to make such decisions on the road.

Factories that once employed hundreds of workers on an assembly line now run with a ①fraction of that staff, as robotic arms handle tasks that used to require human hands. Economists have long debated whether this shift destroys jobs or simply transforms them. Historical evidence offers some ②comfort: previous waves of automation eventually created new categories of work that no one had predicted. However, critics point out that earlier transitions unfolded over generations, giving workers ③ample time to retrain, whereas today's robots are being deployed at a pace that leaves little room for adjustment. A factory worker displaced this year cannot simply wait for a new industry to emerge decades from now. For this reason, many economists argue that the real ④challenge is not the robots themselves, but the ⑤sluggish speed at which society is expected to adapt to them.

When choosing a future career, students often face a common question: should I follow what I love, or what I am good at? Passion can provide strong ①motivation, pushing a person to practice for hours without feeling tired. However, loving an activity does not always mean a person will become ②unskilled at it professionally. On the other hand, natural talent can lead to quick success, but without genuine interest, that success may eventually feel ③empty or exhausting. Career experts suggest looking for an ④overlap between the two instead of choosing only one side. Finding this balance takes time and self-reflection, but it often leads to a more ⑤satisfying and sustainable career.

Yesterday, I visited my school's career counselor because I felt confused about my future. She listened carefully and then asked me a simple question: what activities make me lose track of time? I answered that designing posters for school events always felt exciting. She smiled and said that this kind of clue often reveals ___________, more than any test score can. She suggested that I try combining my two interests by exploring careers such as scientific illustration or product design.

The debate over nudging often centers on a single, deceptively simple question: does saving people from their own cognitive errors amount to genuine assistance or subtle manipulation? (A) Supporters respond that every choice architecture, whether intentionally designed or not, already influences behavior in some direction, so deliberately choosing a beneficial default is preferable to leaving the arrangement to chance or to the interests of profit-driven designers. (B) Opponents of nudging argue that any attempt to steer behavior, however gently, treats citizens as incapable of making sound decisions on their own and therefore undermines the very autonomy it claims to respect. (C) This rebuttal shifts the debate away from whether influence should exist at all and toward the more practical question of who should be trusted to design it and for what purpose.

The twenty-hour rule has become popular among adults who want to pick up new hobbies despite busy schedules. (A) She practiced basic shading and proportion for about ninety minutes each day, carefully tracking her total hours. (B) A woman who always wanted to sketch, for example, decided to test the rule during a two-week vacation. (C) By the time she reached twenty hours, she could produce simple portraits that she was proud to share with friends.

주어진 문장: Without such improvements, even the most generous rewards program cannot compensate for a disappointing product. Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers tend to spend more and recommend products to others. ( ① ) Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. ( ② ) However, some critics argue that these programs manipulate consumers into staying with a brand out of habit rather than genuine satisfaction. ( ③ ) Genuine loyalty, they contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers. ( ④ ) Furthermore, excessive focus on retaining existing customers can cause companies to neglect innovation, since they assume loyal buyers will continue purchasing regardless of improvements. ( ⑤ ) As markets become more competitive, relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately backfire.