영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on ①adequate sleep to function effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins ②that help regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night ③shows measurably weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears ④to promote low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system ⑤repairs itself and prepares for future threats.

The city government has launched a summer energy-saving campaign ①to reduce electricity use during the hottest months. As air conditioners run constantly, power demand ②rises sharply and can strain the electricity grid. Residents are asked ③setting air conditioners no lower than twenty-six degrees Celsius. Turning off lights and unplugging unused electronics can also make a noticeable ④difference. Families ⑤who reduce their electricity use by more than ten percent will receive a discount.

Many people feel a sudden wave of anxiety when their smartphone battery is nearly dead or they have ①left it at home. This intense discomfort, known as nomophobia, is short for "no-mobile-phone phobia," a term ②describing the fear of losing connection to one's phone. Researchers explain that this fear develops because smartphones have become tightly linked to social belonging; missing a notification can feel like ③be cut off from friends. For example, some students check their phones dozens of times an hour, even during class, just to confirm nothing important ④has been missed. Recognizing nomophobia as a real psychological pattern ⑤is the first step toward a healthier relationship with technology.

A small riverside village had ①endured severe flooding almost every summer, watching helplessly as rising water damaged homes and destroyed crops year after year. Frustrated residents eventually decided to pursue climate adaptation, adjusting their infrastructure and habits to reduce the damage caused by increasingly unpredictable weather. Engineers widened the drainage canals surrounding the village, allowing excess rainwater to flow away more efficiently instead of pooling in low-lying streets. Meanwhile, several families whose houses stood in the most ②vulnerable areas relocated to higher ground, even though leaving their long-time homes was emotionally difficult. The village also installed an early warning system that sent alerts to residents' phones whenever river levels rose dangerously fast. When a powerful storm struck three years later, the new measures proved ③useless, and the village suffered only minor damage instead of the ④devastating losses it had previously faced. Their ⑤resilience became a model for neighboring communities.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit ①begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an ②automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a ③negative feeling that makes it want to ④repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run almost without ⑤conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires changing the routine while keeping the same cue and reward. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Attention, students and teachers! Our school is starting a new campaign called 'Bring Your Own Bag.' Starting next Monday, the school store will no longer offer free plastic bags to customers. Instead, we ①encourage everyone to bring a reusable shopping bag from home. Plastic bags, which are made from petroleum, take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. In contrast, a cloth bag can be used again and again for many years. Therefore, using a reusable bag is a simple habit that ②protects sea animals and ③increases pollution. For example, students who bring their own bags will receive a small sticker as a ④reward. However, students who forget their bags may still purchase a paper bag for a small fee. We hope every student will join this easy and meaningful campaign. Thank you for helping our school become ⑤greener.

Good morning, residents of Green Apartment! We would like to introduce a simple way to protect our environment. Used batteries, which contain ①harmful chemicals, should never be thrown away with regular trash. If these chemicals leak into the soil, they can pollute water and harm plants. Therefore, our building has ②installed a special collection box for used batteries near the main entrance. Please place your old batteries inside this box instead of the trash can. The box, which is emptied every month, is ③easy for anyone to use. For example, small button batteries from watches and toys can also be dropped in the box. However, batteries that are still ④broken should not be thrown away at all. We appreciate your effort to keep our neighborhood ⑤clean and safe. Thank you for your cooperation and kindness.

As nudging has moved from academic theory into widespread practice, a persistent ethical question has accompanied its rise: at what point does subtly guiding behavior for someone's own benefit shade into manipulation that undermines their capacity for autonomous choice? This tension suggests that the ethical status of a nudge cannot be evaluated by examining its psychological mechanism alone; instead, it must be judged according to the ___________ of the party who designs it and the outcome that design is intended to produce.

주어진 문장: This small effort makes the recycling process faster and more efficient for everyone. Dear residents, this notice explains how to use our apartment recycling area correctly. The recycling area, located behind the main entrance, is open every day from six to ten in the evening. ① First, sort your items into the labeled sections for paper, plastic, glass, and cans before dropping them off. ② Boxes should be flattened, and bottles should be emptied, because dirty items are hard to recycle. However, please do not leave large furniture or electronics in this area at any time. ③ Instead, contact the management office to arrange a separate pickup for those bulky items. For example, broken chairs and old refrigerators require a special sticker before collection. ④ In contrast to ordinary trash, recyclable materials must never be mixed together in one bag. ⑤ Following these simple rules keeps our shared space tidy for every family.

In addition, outstanding volunteers will be recognized with a small award at the end of the summer. The Hillside Community Center is looking for student volunteers to help with its summer programs. ( ① ) Volunteers will assist with activities such as tutoring younger children, organizing books, and helping elderly residents with simple errands. ( ② ) No prior experience is necessary, since training will be provided on the first day. ( ③ ) Volunteers will receive an official certificate that can be used for school volunteer hour requirements. ( ④ ) Students who are interested should complete an online application form before July 10th. ( ⑤ ) Because the number of positions is limited, early applications are strongly encouraged.