영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When individuals face uncertainty about how to behave, they frequently look to the actions of others for guidance, ①assuming that a behavior adopted by many people is more likely to be correct or appropriate than one adopted by few, a tendency known as social proof. This reliance on collective behavior can be remarkably efficient, since it allows individuals ②to benefit from the accumulated judgment of a crowd without having to gather and evaluate every relevant fact themselves. However, social proof can also lead entire groups astray when the initial signal that ③trigger imitation is itself unreliable or coincidental. A restaurant that happens to attract a long line early in the evening may continue attracting customers throughout the night simply because passersby ④interpret the queue as evidence of superior quality. Financial markets exhibit an analogous pattern: investors who observe others buying a particular asset often join the buying themselves, ⑤reasoning that so many participants cannot all be mistaken.

Generation Z, typically defined as those born between the late 1990s and early 2010s, approaches shopping quite differently from previous generations. ①Having grown up with smartphones and social media, they research products extensively online before making even small purchases. Unlike older generations, ②who often valued brand loyalty above all else, many members of Generation Z prioritize a company's values. They also tend to favor secondhand and resale platforms, ③viewing sustainability as an important factor rather than an afterthought. Peer recommendations ④shared through short videos frequently ⑤carries more weight than traditional celebrity endorsements, since viewers see these creators as relatable rather than distant figures.

Classical economic models typically assume that people discount future rewards at a constant rate, ①valuing a reward received later somewhat less than an identical reward received now. Empirical observation, however, reveals a different pattern: people apply a much steeper discount to the immediate future than to the distant future, a phenomenon ②termed hyperbolic discounting. This inconsistency explains why an individual might sincerely resolve tonight to wake up early and exercise tomorrow, only to postpone the plan once tomorrow actually arrives and the immediate discomfort of getting out of bed ③become vivid and present. When the reward or cost in question lies safely in the future, its emotional weight remains muted, ④allowing rational long-term goals to dominate one's stated intentions. Once that same reward or cost draws near, however, its immediacy triggers a disproportionately strong emotional pull, frequently ⑤overriding the very plans made earlier with such apparent confidence.

Minjun used to leave half of his lunch tray full of untouched rice and vegetables every day. Last spring, his class started a campaign called "Clean Plate Day" to reduce food waste. At first, Minjun thought the campaign sounded boring and unnecessary for someone like him. However, his teacher explained that leftover food thrown away every day adds up to a huge amount of waste. She compared uneaten food to _______________. This comparison surprised Minjun because he had never thought about food that way before. He decided to take only what he could finish and to try new vegetables slowly. Within a few weeks, his tray was almost always empty, and he felt proud of the change. Other students noticed his effort and began doing the same thing.

A smart thermostat that learns a family's daily rhythm can lower the temperature automatically before everyone wakes up cold, while smart lights that follow a resident's schedule no longer need to be switched on and off by hand. Sensors collect data about temperature, motion, and light throughout the home, and an algorithm gradually learns which settings match each household's actual habits. Yet convenience comes with a trade-off that many households overlook: _______________.

Setting a goal is only the first step; keeping track of progress is just as important. Many people write down goals at the beginning of the year but never check how far they have come. Without regular records, ___________. Keeping a simple log, such as a weekly checklist or a short journal entry, lets a person see clear evidence of improvement over time.

After learning that my constant headaches were caused by air-conditioning sickness, I decided to change a few habits. (A) Next, I made sure to drink warm water instead of only cold drinks throughout the day. (B) First, I began carrying a light jacket to wear whenever a room felt too cold. (C) Finally, I started stretching and walking around every hour instead of sitting still all day.

Behavioral economists have long studied how small changes in choice environments affect human decisions. (A) Imagine a cafeteria where a healthy salad sits at eye level while fried snacks rest on a low shelf. Nobody is forbidden from choosing the snacks, yet most people quietly pick the salad instead. This simple technique illustrates a nudge, a concept from behavioral economics that gently guides people toward better choices without restricting their freedom. (B) Unlike strict regulations or heavy taxes, nudges rely on subtle changes in design rather than force. Critics argue nudges alone cannot solve large environmental problems, but combined with stronger policies, they can meaningfully shift everyday habits toward sustainability. (C) Companies and governments increasingly apply nudges to encourage sustainable consumption. For example, some hotels print reminders on towels stating that most guests reuse them, which persuades new guests to do the same and save water. Similarly, energy bills that compare a household's usage with that of efficient neighbors often lead people to reduce electricity use.

주어진 문장: If Thursday does not work for you either, please let me know so we can find another solution. Dear members of the Debate Club, I am writing to let you know that our regular meeting time has been changed. ① We usually meet in Room 304 every Wednesday after school, but the room will be used for sports day practice next week. ② Instead, our meeting will be held in the library on Thursday at the same time. ③ Please bring the debate topic that you prepared last week, since we will practice our arguments together. ④ If you cannot attend the new meeting time, please reply to this email by Tuesday evening. We also need two volunteers to arrange the chairs and tables before the meeting begins. ⑤ Mr. Park, our club advisor, will join us this time to give feedback on our speaking skills. Thank you for your understanding, and I look forward to seeing everyone on Thursday.

주어진 문장: At first glance, this seems to suggest that Dunbar's theory no longer applies in the digital age. Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only maintain about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. ( ① ) This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. ( ② ) In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. ( ③ ) However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are close or emotionally supportive. ( ④ ) Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely unnoticed. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, Dunbar's number reminds us that genuine, lasting relationships require consistent effort and attention, something that a large online network alone cannot provide.