영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun guessing what word comes next. This feature relies on a language model trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates above the keyboard, ①saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day. The system also adapts to each individual, gradually learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would ②recognize. This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users notice. Because the keyboard ③nudges people toward its own suggestions, some linguists worry that autocomplete may be quietly ④widening everyday vocabulary, encouraging writers to accept a convenient suggestion rather than searching for the more precise or original word they might otherwise have ⑤chosen.

Many students think that reading a book quietly by themselves is ①enough, but book discussion classes add something that solo reading cannot provide. When students explain their ideas out loud, they often ②discover thoughts they did not even know they had. Teachers who use discussion classes report that students remember plot details and themes far ③longer than students who only read silently and take a quiz afterward. This happens because talking about a book forces the brain to organize scattered impressions into a clear argument. Discussion also teaches students to listen ④carefully, since they must respond directly to classmates instead of simply waiting for their own turn to speak. For these reasons, many schools are now adding weekly discussion sessions to their reading programs, even for short stories that used to be assigned only as ⑤noisy homework.

Few ideas in policy debate provoke as much philosophical unease as the notion that a government might ①deliberately steer citizens toward better choices while leaving every option technically available. Defenders insist that freedom is ②preserved as long as no option is banned and no penalty is attached, arguing that a citizen who is merely steered, rather than coerced, remains free to choose otherwise. Critics counter that this defense rests on an ③impoverished notion of liberty, one that ignores how engineered defaults and calculated framing can shape decisions just as powerfully as an outright prohibition would. If a policy is designed because officials expect it to bypass conscious deliberation, these critics ask, can the resulting choice still be called ④autonomous, even though no law was broken? The dispute ultimately turns on what freedom actually requires: the mere absence of coercion, or a decision-making process that remains ⑤opaque and undistorted.

When workers receive a five percent raise in a year when prices have climbed five percent as well, their real purchasing power has not changed at all, yet many still report _______________. This tendency to judge economic well-being by nominal figures printed on a paycheck, rather than by what that money can actually purchase, is known among economists as money illusion. Employers exploit this pattern by favoring modest nominal raises over deeper structural adjustments, since a visible increase on a payslip satisfies employees more effectively than an explanation about inflation could.

In a classic experiment inspired by Keynes's beauty contest analogy, participants choose a number between zero and one hundred, and the winner is whoever selects the number closest to two-thirds of the average of all guesses submitted. A perfectly rational player, assuming every other participant reasons with unlimited depth, would conclude the equilibrium number is zero. In practice, however, actual guesses rarely converge on zero; most participants stop reasoning after a round or two of imagining what others might guess, producing _______________. This gap between theoretical equilibrium and observed behavior reveals that human reasoning is bounded.

Every July, our school library launches a summer reading challenge that invites students to read at least five books before classes begin again in September. Students who complete the challenge receive a small prize, but many say the real reward is something else entirely. Without daily homework and tests to worry about, summer gives students rare freedom to choose books purely because they sound interesting, not because a teacher assigned them. Librarians believe that _______________, since students who only cared about winning the prize tend to quit once the reading feels difficult, while curious readers keep going.

Riding a bicycle is one of the most popular ways for teenagers to get around, yet many students still skip the one piece of equipment that could save their life: the helmet. (A) Wearing a helmet does not prevent a fall, but it dramatically reduces the chance of a serious head injury when one occurs. (B) A sudden pothole, a car door opening without warning, or a patch of gravel can throw even an experienced cyclist off balance in an instant. (C) Some argue that a short trip to a nearby store does not require any special protection, since the risk feels distant and unlikely, but most accidents actually happen close to home, on familiar streets where riders feel too comfortable to expect danger.

None of it looked like anything worth keeping, let alone displaying in an art show. For our club's spring project, we were told to create a sculpture using only materials collected from the school's recycling bins, and my first reaction was disappointment at not being allowed to buy proper art supplies. ( ① ) Sorting through flattened cardboard, broken umbrella frames, and plastic bottle caps, I initially saw nothing but trash. ( ② ) My perspective shifted once a senior member showed me a piece she had built the previous year, a bird made entirely of bent bicycle spokes and bottle caps, each cap functioning as a single feather. ( ③ ) She explained that upcycling art forces a creator to notice a material's natural shape and texture rather than simply painting over it, which often produces more original results than starting with a blank, expensive canvas. ( ④ ) By the end of the project, our team had built a small forest of figures using nothing that anyone had paid for, and the exhibit visitors seemed more curious about our materials than about any technique we had used. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: Such assessments are grounded in the principle that potential harm should be identified before a project begins, rather than addressed only after damage has already occurred. Before a large-scale construction project such as a highway or dam receives government approval, planners in many countries are required to conduct an environmental impact assessment, a formal process designed to predict and evaluate the ecological consequences of a proposed development. ① This process begins with a baseline survey, in which specialists document existing conditions, including wildlife, water quality, and air composition, so that future changes can be measured against a reference point. ② Analysts then model how the project might alter these conditions, drawing on data from comparable developments. ③ For instance, a proposed highway that would bisect a forest might be evaluated for its potential to fragment habitats, disrupting migration routes on which certain species depend. ④ If the assessment identifies unacceptable risks, planners may be required to redesign the project or adopt mitigation measures such as wildlife corridors. ⑤ Critics contend, however, that assessments are sometimes treated as a bureaucratic formality rather than a genuine constraint, since developers who commission the studies retain strong influence over how the findings are interpreted. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

As a result, many reluctant readers finish an entire graphic novel and then move on to longer books with new confidence. For many years, comic books and graphic novels were seen as a lazy alternative to real reading. ( ① ) Parents and teachers often worried that pictures did the work that words should do, leaving young readers with weaker vocabulary and imagination. ( ② ) Recent research, however, tells a more complicated story. Graphic novels actually require readers to combine written text with visual clues, inferring emotion from a character's expression or understanding time gaps between panels. ( ③ ) This combination can build a different but equally valuable set of reading skills. ( ④ ) Teachers who once banned comics from their classrooms are now using them to reach students who struggled with traditional novels. ( ⑤ ) Rather than replacing traditional reading, graphic novels appear to work best as a bridge that leads students toward it.