영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Two drivers, equally distracted by their phones, ①run a red light in exactly the same careless manner. By pure chance, a child happens to be crossing the street in front of one driver but not the other; the first driver kills the child, while the second driver drives through safely and never even ②noticing the danger. Although both drivers behaved identically and made exactly the same reckless choice, society judges them very differently: one faces criminal charges and lifelong guilt, while the other receives, at most, a minor traffic ticket. Philosophers call this troubling asymmetry moral luck, since factors entirely outside a person's control end up ③determining how severely we judge their moral character. If moral responsibility is supposed to depend only on what a person chooses and intends, this outcome seems deeply unfair, yet few people are willing ④to excuse the unlucky driver as if nothing worse had happened. Moral luck suggests that our everyday judgments rest on a foundation far ⑤shakier than we usually like to admit.

A rational approach to decision-making dictates that only future costs and benefits should influence a choice, since resources already spent ①cannot be recovered regardless of what is decided next. In practice, however, people routinely allow such irrecoverable expenditures, known as sunk costs, ②to shape their subsequent decisions, a pattern referred to as the sunk cost fallacy. A moviegoer who finds a film thoroughly disappointing after the first thirty minutes will often remain in the theater until the credits roll, ③reasoning that leaving early would somehow waste the money already spent on the ticket. Organizations exhibit the same fallacy on a larger scale: a company that ④have invested heavily in a failing project frequently continues funding it, arguing that abandoning the project now would render the prior investment meaningless. Yet continuing to invest in a venture destined to fail merely adds new losses to old ones, ⑤compounding the very waste the decision-makers hoped to avoid.

Policymakers seeking to improve public welfare without restricting individual freedom have increasingly embraced an approach ①known as nudging, which alters the environment in which choices are made rather than mandating particular outcomes. A nudge preserves every option that ②was previously available; it simply arranges those options so that the choice deemed most beneficial becomes easier or more visible than the alternatives. Placing fruit at eye level in a school cafeteria while keeping dessert accessible but less prominent, for instance, ③do not forbid any student from choosing dessert, yet it measurably shifts consumption patterns toward healthier food. Advocates argue that such interventions ④respect autonomy precisely because no option is removed and no penalty is imposed for choosing differently. Critics, however, contend that even subtle architectural choices exploit predictable cognitive shortcuts, ⑤raising questions about whether influencing behavior through psychological means is meaningfully different from more coercive forms of persuasion.

When engineers design the software that controls a self-driving car, they face a question philosophers have debated for decades: should a crashing vehicle protect its own passenger, or minimize total harm even at the passenger's expense? Surveys reveal an uncomfortable contradiction: most people say a car should be programmed to save the greater number of lives, yet the same people admit they would never buy a vehicle designed to sacrifice its own owner. This suggests that _______________. Manufacturers, regulators, and philosophers must instead agree on transparent rules before autonomous vehicles are allowed to make such decisions.

Last New Year's Day, I wrote three goals in my diary: reading more books, exercising regularly, and saving money for a bicycle. Today, exactly one year later, I opened that old page and smiled at how much had changed. I did not finish all twelve books I had planned, but I read six, which was still more than the year before. My exercise habit became the biggest surprise, and saving money was harder than I expected since unexpected expenses kept appearing. Still, I saved enough for half of the bicycle. Looking back, I realized that ___________, and I kept trying, adjusted my methods, and learned something new about myself along the way.

Implementation intentions have become one of the most widely studied tools in behavioral psychology for helping people reach their goals. (A) Unlike a vague goal such as "I will exercise more," an implementation intention specifies both the situation that triggers the behavior and the exact action that follows. (B) Because the decision has already been made in advance, people no longer need to rely on willpower at the critical moment when the temptation to skip arises. (C) For example, a person might decide, "If it is seven in the morning, then I will put on my running shoes immediately," rather than simply hoping to find time to exercise.

Factories that once employed hundreds of workers on an assembly line now run with a fraction of that staff, as robotic arms handle tasks that used to require human hands. (A) However, critics point out that earlier transitions unfolded over generations, giving workers time to retrain, whereas today's robots are being deployed much faster. (B) Historical evidence offers some comfort: previous waves of automation eventually created new categories of work that no one had predicted. (C) A factory worker displaced this year, therefore, cannot simply wait for a new industry to emerge decades from now.

Yuna and I decided to set our New Year goals together instead of separately, and our journey had several stages. (A) Thanks to her encouragement, I remembered why I had started, and we both kept going until we reached our goals by spring. (B) At first, we each wrote down our own goal and agreed to text each other every night about our progress. (C) After a couple of weeks, I began to feel tired and wanted to quit, but Yuna noticed my short replies and called me.

주어진 문장: Once audiences discover that a recommendation was insincere, they rarely trust that influencer again. Influencer marketing has become one of the most powerful tools that companies use to reach young consumers. ( ① ) Unlike traditional advertisements, which often feel distant and impersonal, posts created by influencers seem more like advice from a trusted friend. ( ② ) This sense of closeness, built through years of sharing daily life online, makes followers more willing to trust product recommendations than ordinary commercials. ( ③ ) However, this trust can be exploited when influencers promote products they have never actually tried. ( ④ ) As a result, several countries now require influencers to clearly disclose paid partnerships before posting sponsored content. ( ⑤ ) In the end, influencer marketing works best when it stays grounded in authenticity rather than mere popularity.

주어진 문장: Clubs that have received funding in the past must also include a short report on how last semester's budget was spent. Attention all club leaders: applications for the club budget are now open. ( ① ) If your club wants support for materials, events, or competitions, please follow the steps below. ( ② ) First, download the budget request form from the school website and fill in your club's name, purpose, and requested amount. Second, attach a short plan explaining how the money will be used, since forms without a clear plan will not be reviewed. ( ③ ) Third, submit the completed form to the teacher in charge of student activities by August 14th. Applications received after the deadline will not be accepted. ( ④ ) Once submitted, each request will be reviewed by the budget committee, which meets every Friday. Approved clubs will receive their funds within two weeks, and results will be posted on the club bulletin board. ( ⑤ ) Please contact Mr. Han in the activities office if you have any questions.