영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many households save far less for retirement than conventional financial advice would recommend, not necessarily because they ①lacks the resources to do so, but because a combination of procrastination, present bias, and the discomfort of forgoing current consumption repeatedly delays the decision to begin saving. Recognizing this gap between intention and action, some economists have proposed a savings program in which employees commit today to ②allocating a portion of their future salary increases toward retirement savings, rather than being asked to reduce their current take-home pay immediately. Because the sacrifice applies only to income not yet received, the commitment ③feels far less painful than an equivalent reduction in present earnings would, making employees considerably more willing to enroll. Once enrolled, the contribution rate automatically rises with each subsequent raise, ④gradually increasing savings without requiring any further deliberate action from participants. Field trials of such programs have reported substantial increases in average savings rates over several years, alongside participant satisfaction that ⑤remains notably high.

Our school's book club, Page Turners, meets every Wednesday to discuss a book the members ①chose. At the start of each month, students suggest titles and vote to pick one. This way, everyone feels some ownership over what the club reads next. Before each meeting, members read several chapters and ②prepare a few questions. During the meeting, the leader opens discussion by ③asking a question about the story's main idea. Then members take turns ④sharing their opinions, even when they disagree with each other. For example, students once argued for a long time about a character's difficult choice. Such debates, though sometimes loud, help members understand different points of view. At the end of the semester, the club holds an event ⑤recommending favorite books.

Facing a shortage of caregivers and a rapidly aging population, several countries have begun deploying robots designed to remind elderly residents to take medication, monitor for falls, and even offer simple conversation throughout the day. Early trials show that many residents report ①reduced loneliness, particularly when a robot's presence allows an overworked human staff member to spend a few extra minutes with each patient rather than rushing between rooms. Critics, however, worry that this framing quietly ②shifts the goal of care: instead of asking how technology can support human connection, institutions may come to treat a robot's companionship as an ③unacceptable substitute for it. Advocates for the elderly argue that robots should be evaluated strictly as tools that free up human time for human contact, ④never as a lower-cost replacement for the contact itself, since human presence remains ⑤irreplaceable.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit ①begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an ②automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a ③negative feeling that makes it want to ④repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run almost without ⑤conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires changing the routine while keeping the same cue and reward. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Many students confuse the student council with school clubs. In fact, the two groups serve very different purposes. The student council is an ①official body that represents the whole school. It manages ②shared issues such as rules, events, and communication with teachers. For example, council members often organize the school festival. They also collect opinions from each class before making decisions. A club, in contrast, is a small group formed around one shared interest, such as music or art. While the council must consider the needs of every student, a club can focus ③narrowly on what its own members enjoy. Therefore, joining the council usually requires an election, whereas joining a club simply requires ④false interest. Some students eventually do both, using the council to build ⑤leadership skills and a club to develop a personal passion.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists who studied this bias found that ___________. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later prove far too optimistic once delays appear. One reason this bias persists is that people rarely review their history of missed deadlines, relying instead on hopeful imagination. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, comparing a new task to similar completed tasks. By anchoring predictions to real outcomes, planners can produce estimates that are considerably more accurate.

Philosopher Harry Frankfurt devised a scenario to challenge a long-held assumption about moral responsibility: that a person can be blamed for an action only if they could genuinely have done otherwise. (A) Frankfurt used this scenario to argue that moral responsibility depends on the actual reasoning behind a choice, not on some abstract guarantee that an alternative path remained available. (B) Black's hidden mechanism made it impossible for the man to have chosen otherwise, yet most people still consider him fully responsible for what he freely decided to do. (C) Imagine a man named Black who secretly implants a device in another man's brain, ready to force a particular decision, though the second man ends up deciding entirely on his own to do exactly what Black wanted.

Sales events are far more psychologically calculated than they first appear. (A) A crossed-out original price, for instance, makes the discounted price seem like an exceptional deal, regardless of whether it truly is one. (B) Retailers rely on specific visual and verbal cues to make shoppers feel they are getting exceptional value. (C) Combined with phrases suggesting limited availability, these cues push customers toward faster, less deliberate purchasing decisions.

Viral marketing campaigns rarely succeed simply because a company has a large advertising budget. (A) A beverage brand, for example, spent almost nothing on production yet reached millions of viewers through a simple dance challenge. (B) Instead, such campaigns tend to succeed when they feel genuine and encourage ordinary users to participate creatively. (C) Other companies later tried to copy the idea, but most failed to capture the same spontaneous energy.

The science club at Hanul High School is running a project called "Grow Light." It tests how different colors of light affect plant growth. (A) However, the results showed that plants under red light grew noticeably faster than the others. The club's advisor explained this by comparing light to food, since plants absorb certain colors of light more efficiently than others. (B) To make the data reliable, students repeat each trial three times and calculate the average, keeping a shared notebook of conditions. Next month, the club plans to present these findings at the school science fair. (C) Each week, members place identical bean sprouts under red, blue, and white light and record their height. At first, many students expected the white light to produce the tallest plants.