영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Summer heat can be just as dangerous for pets ①as it is for people. Dogs and cats cannot cool their bodies as easily as humans, so owners must ②take extra care during hot days. Avoid walking your dog during the hottest hours, since hot pavement ③can burn sensitive paws. Never leave a pet alone in a parked car, even for a few minutes, because the temperature inside ④rising dangerously fast. If your pet seems unusually tired or ⑤refuses to move, contact a veterinarian right away.

Heatstroke happens when the body's temperature ①rises too high and cannot cool itself down. To prevent heatstroke, you should drink plenty of water throughout the day, ②even if you do not feel thirsty. If you notice symptoms such as dizziness or a very high body temperature, ③move to a shaded place immediately. Children, ④who sweat less than adults, are especially at risk of heatstroke. It is also wise ⑤avoiding outdoor activities between noon and five o'clock, when the sun is strongest.

Anyone designing a presentation, a curriculum, or a grocery list should attend to a well-documented pattern in human memory known as the serial position effect. When people ①are asking to recall items from a list right after studying it, they consistently remember the items presented at the beginning and end far better than those buried in the middle. The advantage for early items, called the primacy effect, ②arises because those items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred into long-term storage before subsequent items compete for attention. The advantage for final items, known as the recency effect, ③occurs because those items remain accessible in short-term memory at the moment of recall. Middle items suffer because they must compete for limited rehearsal opportunities while lacking the stability afforded by extended processing. Communicators who ④ignore this pattern risk burying their most important point where it will predictably be forgotten. A more effective strategy, therefore, ⑤places the crucial message at the beginning or end, precisely where memory proves most reliable.

As cities have expanded across landscapes once covered with ①absorbent soil, impervious surfaces have turned stormwater from a resource that recharges groundwater into a hazard that floods streets and carries pollutants into waterways. Green infrastructure, which mimics the hydrological functions that natural landscapes once performed, offers planners a way to treat the city as a sponge rather than a ②rigid drainage pipe. Rain gardens, shallow depressions planted with deep-rooted vegetation, are designed to capture runoff from rooftops, allowing it to filter ③rapidly through soil before reaching underground aquifers. Permeable pavement, made of porous materials that let water pass directly through, serves a similar purpose along sidewalks, where asphalt would remain ④impenetrable. For example, cities that replaced pavement with permeable alternatives have reported ⑤notable reductions in flooding during storms that once overwhelmed sewers. However, engineers caution that green infrastructure cannot entirely replace conventional pipes in dense cores, where heavy runoff still requires structural reinforcement. Consequently, municipalities now regard green and gray infrastructure as complementary systems, each compensating for the other's limitations.

A ①shrinking number of teenagers are joining book clubs that exist only on their phones. These apps let users track how many pages they read each day, write short reviews, and join group chats about a chosen book. Some students say the apps make reading feel less ②lonely, because they can share their honest reactions the moment they finish a chapter instead of waiting for a weekly meeting. The apps also use gentle reminders and reading streaks to keep members ③motivated, turning a private habit into a small social game. However, a few teachers worry that constant notifications from a reading app can pull attention away from the book itself, since users may spend more time ④chatting about the story than actually reading it. Despite this concern, many students report that the sense of community keeps them reading books they would have quit halfway through if they had been reading completely ⑤alone.

Stairs seem too ordinary to be dangerous, which is why many people treat them carelessly, texting, carrying an armful of books, or skipping two steps at a time. Emergency room records tell a different story: _______________. Familiarity encourages a kind of autopilot mode, in which a person stops looking at each step and instead relies on memory of where the stairs should be.

Cognitive psychologists distinguish between two modes by which the mind handles information, a distinction that helps explain why experienced drivers can hold conversations while navigating familiar roads without conscious effort. Automatic processing occurs rapidly, requires minimal attention, and typically operates outside conscious awareness, allowing multiple automatic tasks to proceed without interfering with one another. Controlled processing, by contrast, unfolds more slowly, demands deliberate attention, and _______________. Skills that once required intense concentration, such as reading or typing, gradually become automatic through extensive practice, freeing attentional resources for other purposes. This shift explains why novice drivers find it difficult to talk while merging onto a highway, whereas seasoned drivers manage the same maneuver with comparative ease. However, automaticity carries hidden costs, since automatized responses can be triggered inappropriately by habitual cues even when circumstances have changed, occasionally producing errors that controlled deliberation would have prevented.

Long before cognitive scientists possessed the tools to observe the brain directly, Donald Broadbent proposed an influential model suggesting that the human capacity to process incoming sensory information is constrained by a structural bottleneck through which only a single stream of input can pass at any given instant. (A) This basic bottleneck principle continues to inform contemporary explanations of why multitasking so reliably degrades performance on demanding tasks. (B) According to this filter theory, multiple channels of stimulation, such as competing voices in a crowded room, are initially registered at a shallow, physical level, but only one channel is selected for further, meaning-based analysis while the rest are blocked from advancing beyond that early filter. (C) Although later researchers challenged the rigidity of this early selection mechanism, pointing to instances in which unattended information, such as one's own name, nevertheless breaks through and captures awareness, the core insight that attention imposes a genuine processing limit rather than a mere matter of willpower has remained remarkably durable.

주어진 문장: Yet not every worker benefits equally from these changes. Automation is transforming labor markets more quickly than economists predicted a decade ago. ( ① ) Factories once staffed by hundreds of workers now rely on robotic arms that assemble products with remarkable precision. ( ② ) This shift does not simply eliminate jobs; it also creates roles that never existed before, such as technicians who maintain robotic equipment. ( ③ ) Companies that invested early in automation often report steady increases in productivity, since machines handle repetitive tasks while employees focus on creative problem-solving. ( ④ ) Policymakers argue that retraining programs are essential to help displaced workers move into emerging fields. ( ⑤ ) Without such support, the benefits of automation may not be shared fairly across society.

Even the strangest idea, however small, had to be treated as completely real. On the first day of our improv theater workshop, the instructor gave us a rule that seemed impossible to follow: never say no to whatever another performer suggests. ( ① ) If a scene partner claimed the empty classroom was actually a submarine, our job was to accept that fact instantly and build on it, rather than correcting or rejecting the idea. ( ② ) I found this terrifying at first, since improv offers no script to hide behind and no time to plan a clever line in advance. ( ③ ) Over several weeks, though, I noticed that the students who worried most about saying something wrong were usually the ones who froze on stage, while those who simply accepted whatever happened and reacted honestly created the funniest, most memorable scenes. ( ④ ) The instructor explained that improv is not really about being naturally quick-witted, but about trusting a partner's idea enough to build on it rather than protecting your own. ( ⑤ )