영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Whenever someone learns that I spend hours drawing comics that almost nobody else ever sees, they usually ask why I ①bothering, since the work will never be published or praised by a large audience. For a long time, I struggled to answer that question honestly, ②assuming that art only counted as worthwhile once other people recognized it. Watching my younger brother build enormous, pointless block towers purely for the joy of knocking them down, though, ③helped me understand something I had been missing. He never once asked whether his tower was good; he simply needed to build the version of it that existed in his head before he could feel satisfied. Creating something, I now believe, often serves the creator first, ④giving shape to a feeling or idea that would otherwise stay vague and unexpressed. Whether or not anyone else ever sees the result, that private act of shaping an idea into something real still seems ⑤to matter enormously.

Anyone who has ridden a bicycle after a decade away from one has likely ①experiencing muscle memory firsthand: the body seems to recall a complex skill almost instantly, even when conscious memory of the exact movements has faded. Contrary to what the name suggests, muscles themselves do not actually store memories; the phenomenon originates in the brain and nervous system, where repeated practice gradually ②shifts control of a well-learned movement from regions associated with conscious thought to areas that operate largely automatically. This shift explains why a skilled athlete can ③execute a complicated sequence of movements without consciously thinking through each individual step, freeing mental attention for strategy and decision-making instead. Interestingly, research also suggests that these neural pathways can remain partially intact even after long periods without practice, which is why relearning a skill is typically much ④faster than learning it for the very first time. Coaches often exploit this principle by ⑤ensuring that fundamental techniques are practiced correctly from the very beginning.

Many large companies now rely on artificial intelligence ①to screen job applications before a human ever sees them. These systems promise efficiency, scanning thousands of resumes in seconds and ranking candidates according to patterns ②drawn from previous hiring decisions. However, this reliance on historical data creates a troubling risk. If a company's past hiring favored a particular group, the algorithm may learn to treat that pattern as a marker of success and quietly reproduce it, even when no one ③intending discrimination. Unlike a human interviewer, the system offers no explanation for its choices, which makes the bias difficult ④to detect until an outside audit reveals it. Some researchers argue that fairness cannot be added afterward; it must ⑤be built into the system's design from the very beginning.

The ecological footprint, a widely cited measure of how much biologically productive land and water a population requires to sustain its consumption, has become one of the most ①familiar tools for communicating humanity's environmental impact. By converting diverse activities, from driving to eating meat, into a single unit of land area, the measure allows policymakers to grasp whether a lifestyle exceeds what the planet can regenerate. This simplicity, however, is also the source of its most ②occasional criticism. Because the footprint aggregates dissimilar impacts, such as carbon emissions and water scarcity, into one composite figure, it can ③obscure important differences among problems that require distinct policy responses. A region might reduce its footprint by lowering carbon emissions while simultaneously depleting a local aquifer, yet the aggregate number could still appear to improve, ④concealing damage that demands urgent attention. Furthermore, the method assumes that all bio-productive land is roughly ⑤interchangeable, treating a hectare of forest as equivalent to a hectare of farmland, even though the two provide markedly different ecological functions.

Financial markets occasionally experience episodes in which asset prices rise far beyond any level that careful analysis of underlying fundamentals could justify, a phenomenon commonly attributed to herd psychology. During such episodes, individual investors often conclude that continuing to buy is reasonable simply because so many others are doing the same, rather than because any independent evaluation supports the purchase. Understanding market bubbles thus requires looking beyond conventional economic fundamentals toward the ___________ that binds individual investors into a single, momentum-driven crowd.

Metacognition, broadly defined as the capacity to monitor and evaluate one's own cognitive processes, is often treated as a reliable guide to what we actually know, yet a growing body of evidence suggests that the correspondence between subjective confidence and objective accuracy is far weaker than intuition would suggest. (A) This gap between perceived and actual mastery, sometimes labeled the illusion of knowing, has practical consequences for education, since students who trust their inflated self-assessments are less likely to seek out the more effortful, retrieval-based strategies that would otherwise consolidate their learning. (B) Because rereading familiar material tends to feel effortless, learners frequently mistake that ease of processing for durable comprehension, a misattribution that can lead them to abandon further study prematurely. (C) Individuals routinely overestimate how thoroughly they have understood a passage of text immediately after reading it, a phenomenon partly attributable to the fluency with which the material was processed rather than to any genuine grasp of its underlying structure.

Water looks endless when it flows from the tap every morning, but clean water is actually a limited resource that we must protect carefully, since many families waste water without even noticing it. (A) Fixing a leaking faucet, which many people ignore, can also save hundreds of liters every month, since saving water is like keeping money in a savings account for the future. (B) For example, leaving the tap running while brushing your teeth can waste several liters of water, but turning off the tap during that time saves a surprising amount of water each day. (C) Taking a shorter shower is another easy habit that reduces water use significantly, and small changes like these can make a real difference over time.

This loss, many say, is not simply about the words themselves but about a physical sense of place within the story. Whenever people discuss the future of reading, one debate never seems to end: e-books or paper books? ( ① ) Supporters of e-books point out that a single device can hold thousands of titles, which makes traveling with a full library incredibly light. Readers can also change the font size, look up a word instantly, and carry their entire collection in one bag. ( ② ) Fans of paper books, however, argue that something important is lost on a screen. ( ③ ) Many readers say they remember a paper book's plot more clearly, perhaps because they recall where a scene appeared on the page. ( ④ ) Screens also invite distraction, since a single notification can pull a reader away from the story in seconds. ( ⑤ ) Interestingly, several recent surveys suggest that most young readers do not choose one format forever. Instead, they switch between paper and digital depending on the situation, treating the debate less as a contest and more as a matter of convenience.

주어진 문장: Such admiration is common, for instance, toward chess grandmasters, medical diagnosticians, or professional musicians who seem to recall vast bodies of specialized knowledge without visible strain. When people encounter an individual who appears to memorize enormous quantities of specialized information effortlessly, they often assume that person possesses an innate gift. ( ① ) Cognitive psychologists, however, contend that such feats rarely stem from raw talent alone. Instead, such feats arise from a learned skill known as chunking, whereby scattered pieces of information are consolidated into larger, meaningful units. ( ② ) A landmark study of chess players demonstrated this principle. When shown a board arranged according to plausible game positions, grandmasters reproduced the layout perfectly. ( ③ ) Yet when the same pieces were scattered randomly, their performance collapsed to the level of novices. This pattern reveals that expert memory is not larger in raw capacity but is instead organized around patterns accumulated through years of deliberate practice. ( ④ ) If chunking, rather than innate aptitude, underlies expert performance, then educators should stop treating talent as fixed and destiny-bound. ( ⑤ ) Curricula ought to be redesigned to cultivate pattern recognition explicitly, since doing so would grant far more students access to expertise once presumed reserved for the naturally gifted.

주어진 문장: Yet not every worker benefits equally from these changes. Automation is transforming labor markets more quickly than economists predicted a decade ago. ( ① ) Factories once staffed by hundreds of workers now rely on robotic arms that assemble products with remarkable precision. ( ② ) This shift does not simply eliminate jobs; it also creates roles that never existed before, such as technicians who maintain robotic equipment. ( ③ ) Companies that invested early in automation often report steady increases in productivity, since machines handle repetitive tasks while employees focus on creative problem-solving. ( ④ ) Policymakers argue that retraining programs are essential to help displaced workers move into emerging fields. ( ⑤ ) Without such support, the benefits of automation may not be shared fairly across society.