영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

As nudging has moved from academic theory into widespread practice, a persistent ethical question has accompanied its rise: at what point ①does subtly guiding behavior for someone's own benefit shade into manipulation that undermines their capacity for autonomous choice? Proponents typically distinguish nudges from manipulation by pointing to transparency and reversibility, arguing that a legitimate nudge ②operate openly, can be easily resisted by anyone who wishes to opt out, and ultimately serves the interests of the person being nudged rather than the interests of whoever designed the intervention. Critics counter that this distinction often collapses in practice, since many effective nudges work precisely because they ③exploit cognitive processes operating below conscious awareness, meaning that the person being influenced may never fully register that a nudge is even occurring. A supermarket that arranges healthier foods at eye level, for instance, differs only in the direction of its influence, not in its underlying mechanism, from a supermarket that ④arranges the most profitable items at eye level. This tension suggests that the ethical status of a nudge cannot be evaluated by examining its psychological mechanism alone; instead, it must be judged according to the intentions of the party who ⑤designs it and the outcome that design is intended to produce.

Marketers have long recognized that perceived scarcity, the sense that a product or opportunity ①are available only in limited quantity or for a limited time, can dramatically increase its desirability, even when the item's intrinsic qualities remain entirely unchanged. This phenomenon, known as the scarcity effect, operates on a simple psychological principle: when something appears difficult to obtain, people tend ②to infer that it must be valuable, since truly worthless items rarely generate genuine competition for possession. A retailer who labels a product as "limited edition" or displays a countdown timer beside a discounted offer exploits this inference, ③prompting customers to make hurried purchase decisions they might otherwise postpone or reconsider. Experimental studies confirm that identical products ④are rated as more desirable and often command higher prices when framed as scarce than when the same products are presented as widely and continuously available. The effect intensifies further when scarcity is attributed to high demand rather than to limited supply alone, since competition from other buyers ⑤introduces an additional layer of urgency absent from mere supply constraints.

For a class project, I interviewed a local architect who has worked in the field for over fifteen years. She explained that architects must ①balance creativity with practical concerns like safety and cost. When I asked about challenges, she mentioned that clients sometimes change their minds after a design is finished. Instead of feeling frustrated, she said she tries to see each change as a ②chance to improve the project. She also advised students to visit construction sites whenever possible, since seeing a real building take shape teaches ③valuable lessons no classroom can offer. At the end of the interview, she smiled and said that choosing architecture was the ④worst decision she had ever made. Her passion made me ⑤consider design as a possible career for myself.

As technology develops rapidly, many new jobs are appearing that did not exist a decade ago. Data analysts, for example, help companies make decisions based on huge amounts of information. Renewable energy technicians install and repair solar panels and wind turbines. Healthcare is expanding beyond hospitals, creating roles for specialists who design digital health tools for elderly patients. These emerging jobs share one common feature: ___________. Experts predict that future workers will need to keep learning new skills throughout their careers.

The Riverside Summer Festival will take place from August 1st to August 3rd at Riverside Park. This annual event offers ___________. During the day, local farmers and small businesses will sell fresh fruits, snacks, and handmade crafts. In the evening, live music performances and a fireworks show will light up the night sky, while children can enjoy water games near the fountain area.

Every time a smartphone connects to a cell tower or a Wi-Fi network, it quietly records a data point that can later be pieced together into a detailed map of where its owner has been. (A) Companies often argue that anonymized data cannot be traced back to individuals, yet researchers have repeatedly shown that a handful of location points is enough to identify a specific person. (B) Most users agree to this tracking without reading the fine print, assuming that a single company's database poses little threat. (C) The real danger, however, emerges when location data from multiple sources is combined, revealing a person's home, workplace, and daily route.

Umbrellas and raincoats need proper care during the long rainy season. (A) In addition, check the umbrella's frame regularly for rust or broken parts. (B) First, dry a wet umbrella fully in a well-ventilated place before folding it. (C) It is also useful to wipe dirt and mud off the fabric with a soft cloth.

Critics note a further irony: when something goes wrong, such as a hacked exchange or a lost password, there is often no institution left to appeal to. Blockchain technology was originally promoted as a way to remove the need for trusted middlemen, allowing strangers to exchange value directly and verify transactions through a shared, tamper-resistant ledger. ( ① ) In theory, this design distributes power away from any single institution and toward the network as a whole. ( ② ) In practice, however, a small number of large players have come to dominate many blockchain networks. ( ③ ) They control enough computing power or currency to influence outcomes that were supposed to be decided collectively. ( ④ ) Whether decentralization can survive this concentration of power remains one of the technology's most unresolved questions. ( ⑤ )

None of this, she reminded us, has anything to do with the words a character actually says. Before a single line of dialogue is written for many animated shows, a character designer has already spent weeks deciding how that character should look, move, and be recognized at a glance. ( ① ) A visiting illustrator who spoke at our school explained that a truly successful design should be identifiable even as a plain black silhouette, since audiences often notice a character's outline before they notice any facial detail. ( ② ) She showed us early sketches of a now-famous cartoon hero, in which the same personality had been tested through dozens of different body shapes, from short and round to tall and angular, before the final version was chosen. ( ③ ) Small choices, she added, carry surprising weight: rounded shapes tend to feel friendly and safe, while sharp angles suggest danger or power, even to viewers who have never studied design. ( ④ ) I left the talk realizing that a character's personality is communicated through its silhouette long before it ever speaks a single word. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: Back then, few people could have predicted that such a job would even exist. When Mina graduated from college five years ago, she had never even heard the term "data scientist." ( ① ) She had studied statistics simply because she enjoyed solving puzzles with numbers. ( ② ) Everything changed when a small tech startup, which was building an app to predict traffic patterns, hired her to analyze massive amounts of data. ( ③ ) Mina quickly discovered that she loved turning raw numbers into insights that helped real people make better decisions. ( ④ ) Within two years, demand for professionals like her had exploded, as companies in every industry realized how valuable data could be. ( ⑤ ) Today, Mina leads a team of ten analysts, mentoring young graduates.