영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Long before a user finishes typing a sentence, the keyboard on most smartphones has already begun ①guessing what word comes next. This feature relies on a language model ②trained to notice which words commonly follow one another, so it can offer a shortlist of likely candidates above the keyboard, saving users countless keystrokes over the course of a day. The system also adapts to each individual, gradually ③learning a person's favorite phrases, slang, and even the names of friends that no generic dictionary would recognize. This constant personalization, however, creates a subtle side effect that few users ④notices. Because the keyboard nudges people toward its own suggestions, some linguists worry that autocomplete may be quietly narrowing everyday vocabulary, encouraging writers ⑤to accept a convenient suggestion rather than searching for the more precise word.

Athletes preparing for major endurance events sometimes train for weeks at high altitude, where the air contains ①less oxygen than at sea level, in hopes of gaining a physiological edge once they return to compete at lower elevations. In this thin air, the body responds by producing ②fewer red blood cells, which carry oxygen more efficiently through the bloodstream to working muscles. When these athletes return to sea level, where oxygen is more abundant, their blood retains this elevated capacity for a limited period, potentially translating into ③improved endurance performance. However, the benefits of altitude training are far from guaranteed, since individual athletes respond quite ④differently to the same conditions, and some experience excessive fatigue that undermines the very training they hoped to complete. Many elite programs therefore follow a strategy known as live high, train low, in which athletes sleep at altitude to ⑤stimulate blood adaptations but perform intense workouts at lower elevation to maintain quality and intensity.

A plastic bag that fully decomposes within months rather than lingering for centuries sounds almost too convenient to be real, yet certain bioplastics on the market ①rarely do that under the right conditions. Unlike conventional plastic, derived almost entirely from petroleum, many bioplastics are synthesized from renewable feedstocks such as corn starch or sugarcane, sometimes with the help of bacteria engineered to produce plastic-like polymers as a ②byproduct of their metabolism. Not every bioplastic biodegrades quickly, however, and some marketed as eco-friendly break down only in industrial composting facilities that reach conditions ③rarely found in a backyard compost heap or the open ocean. Critics point out that growing crops for bioplastic production can compete with food crops for farmland and water, complicating the assumption that a biological origin automatically makes a material more ④sustainable. Researchers are now exploring bioplastics made from agricultural waste and algae instead of dedicated crops, hoping to sidestep this competition for land while preserving the ⑤benefits that first made bioplastics appealing.

Every spring, our school holds an art exhibition in the main hallway, and this year I finally submitted a painting of my own. For weeks, I compared my work to my classmates' drawings and felt ①sure that mine was not good enough to hang beside theirs. My art teacher noticed my ②hesitation and said something I did not expect: an exhibition is not a contest to find the single best picture, but a chance to show how differently people see the same world. On the morning the paintings went up, I walked past dozens of styles, from careful realistic portraits to ③boring, colorful abstractions, and none of them looked like mine. Instead of feeling embarrassed, I found myself ④curious about why each artist had made certain choices. Standing in that crowded hallway, I finally understood that the exhibition's real purpose was not to rank the paintings, but to let students discover how many different perspectives could exist in a single ⑤shared space.

A navigation app calculating a route rarely relies on distance alone; instead, it constantly weighs real-time traffic reports, past congestion patterns, and even data from other drivers' phones currently on the road. This flood of information allows the app to reroute a driver away from a sudden accident within seconds. The convenience comes at a cost that few passengers consider, however. When thousands of drivers are simultaneously redirected onto the same shortcut, _______________, arguing that an algorithm optimizing for individual convenience can end up creating a new, entirely different problem for the wider community.

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on adequate sleep to function effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins that help regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night show measurably weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours, suggesting that _______________. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears to promote low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system repairs itself and prepares for future threats.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which _______________. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

For most of the twentieth century, a library was simply a quiet room full of books, and visitors were expected to stay silent while they searched the shelves. (A) Librarians say this change did not happen by accident, since fewer people needed a library simply to find facts as more information moved online. (B) The answer, in many neighborhoods, turned out to be space itself: a warm, free place where students could study together and children could attend a story hour. (C) Today, many public libraries look completely different, offering group study rooms, comfortable sofas, computer labs, and even small recording studios for podcasts alongside the usual shelves.

Even the strangest idea, however small, had to be treated as completely real. On the first day of our improv theater workshop, the instructor gave us a rule that seemed impossible to follow: never say no to whatever another performer suggests. ( ① ) If a scene partner claimed the empty classroom was actually a submarine, our job was to accept that fact instantly and build on it, rather than correcting or rejecting the idea. ( ② ) I found this terrifying at first, since improv offers no script to hide behind and no time to plan a clever line in advance. ( ③ ) Over several weeks, though, I noticed that the students who worried most about saying something wrong were usually the ones who froze on stage, while those who simply accepted whatever happened and reacted honestly created the funniest, most memorable scenes. ( ④ ) The instructor explained that improv is not really about being naturally quick-witted, but about trusting a partner's idea enough to build on it rather than protecting your own. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This experiment shows that consumers do not simply weigh money saved against money spent, but react to the very presence or absence of a price tag itself. Classical economic theory assumes that consumers evaluate every price change in the same rational way, weighing marginal benefit against marginal cost regardless of the absolute numbers involved. ( ① ) Behavioral economists, however, have discovered a striking exception: the moment a price drops to exactly zero, people's judgment shifts in a way that ordinary discounting cannot explain. ( ② ) In a well-known laboratory experiment, participants chose between two chocolates, one of higher quality priced at a small fee and one of lower quality offered for free. ( ③ ) When both prices were merely reduced by the same amount, most participants still preferred the higher-quality option. Yet once the cheaper chocolate's price was lowered to zero, the majority abruptly switched their preference, even though the price gap between the two options had not actually changed. ( ④ ) Researchers explain this reversal by noting that a free item carries no perceived risk of loss, which makes it feel disproportionately attractive compared with any option that still requires payment, however small. ( ⑤ )