영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many people throw away items ①that they no longer need. However, some students have started ②to buy and sell used goods instead of throwing them away. This practice, often ③called secondhand trading, takes place at flea markets or through simple online apps. When you buy a secondhand book or a used bicycle, you save money and reduce waste at the same time. For example, a jacket that no longer ④fit your older sibling can become a treasure for someone else. Giving an old item to a new owner is like giving a toy a second life. In contrast, throwing away useful items increases the amount of trash that ends up in landfills. Therefore, secondhand trading, ⑤which requires little effort, protects both your wallet and the environment. Small choices like this can make a big difference for our planet.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, ①prizing for its ability to sharpen focus and fight off fatigue within minutes of consumption. It works by blocking adenosine, a chemical that gradually builds up in the brain throughout the day and ②makes us feel increasingly sleepy the longer we stay awake. By occupying the receptors that adenosine would normally bind to, caffeine tricks the brain into ③feeling alert even when the body has accumulated significant sleep pressure. The effects, however, last far longer than most people realize. Because caffeine can remain active in the bloodstream for five to six hours, a cup of coffee ④consumed in the late afternoon may still be interfering with the ability to fall asleep at midnight. Even when people do not consciously notice difficulty falling asleep, caffeine has been shown ⑤to reduce the amount of deep, restorative sleep obtained later in the night.

On the first day of our improv theater workshop, the instructor ①gave us a rule that seemed impossible to follow: never say no to whatever another performer suggests. If a scene partner claimed the empty classroom was actually a submarine, our job was ②to accept that fact instantly and build on it, rather than correcting or rejecting the idea. I found this terrifying at first, since improv offers no script to hide behind and no time ③to plan a clever line in advance. Over several weeks, though, I noticed that the students who worried most about saying something wrong were usually the ones who froze on stage, while those who simply accepted whatever happened and reacted honestly ④creating the funniest, most memorable scenes. The instructor explained that improv is not really about being naturally quick-witted, but about ⑤trusting a partner's idea enough to build on it rather than protecting your own.

Writing a personal statement can feel overwhelming, but a few simple strategies make the process easier. First, avoid simply listing your achievements; instead, explain what each experience ①taught you and how it shaped your goals. Second, use specific examples rather than ②vague statements, since details make your story more convincing and memorable. Third, keep your tone honest and natural, because reviewers can easily ③notice writing that sounds forced or overly formal. Finally, always ④ignore proofreading carefully, since small errors can distract readers from an otherwise strong statement. A personal statement is a chance to show who you truly are and what you hope to ⑤become.

Students are frequently told that where they study makes little difference, provided that they put in enough hours. Cognitive research on memory retrieval, however, suggests that this advice ①clarifies an important process. According to the encoding specificity principle, information becomes intertwined with the context in which it was originally learned. Cues present during encoding therefore ②facilitate retrieval far more effectively than cues encountered elsewhere. A striking demonstration involved divers who memorized word lists either underwater or on dry land. When tested later, divers recalled substantially more words if the testing environment ③matched the original learning environment. This held true regardless of which environment that happened to be. This finding implies that reviewing material exclusively in a quiet bedroom may not ④adequately prepare a student for the noisy atmosphere of an actual examination hall. Rather than assuming that memorization is a context-free process, students ought to consider ⑤deliberately varying study locations and conditions.

In the late nineteenth century, the psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus undertook a rigorous investigation of forgetting by serving as his own experimental subject. He memorized thousands of ①meaningless three-letter syllables so that prior knowledge could not skew his results. After learning each list to perfection, he tested his retention at intervals ranging from twenty minutes to a month later. He ②ignored how many repetitions were required to relearn the material each time. The resulting curve revealed a consistent pattern. Forgetting proceeds rapidly during the initial hours following learning, then gradually decelerates until the rate of loss becomes almost imperceptible. Roughly half of the acquired information ③vanished within the first hour alone. Yet whatever survived that initial plunge tended to ④persist for much longer periods. Ebbinghaus further found that distributing study sessions across several days produced better retention than cramming the same repetition into one sitting. This finding, now central to modern learning theory, implies that revisiting material shortly before it would otherwise be forgotten ⑤interrupts the decline of the forgetting curve.

Long before cognitive scientists possessed the tools to observe the brain directly, Donald Broadbent proposed an influential model suggesting that the human capacity to process incoming sensory information is constrained by a structural bottleneck through which only a single stream of input can pass at any given instant. (A) This basic bottleneck principle continues to inform contemporary explanations of why multitasking so reliably degrades performance on demanding tasks. (B) According to this filter theory, multiple channels of stimulation, such as competing voices in a crowded room, are initially registered at a shallow, physical level, but only one channel is selected for further, meaning-based analysis while the rest are blocked from advancing beyond that early filter. (C) Although later researchers challenged the rigidity of this early selection mechanism, pointing to instances in which unattended information, such as one's own name, nevertheless breaks through and captures awareness, the core insight that attention imposes a genuine processing limit rather than a mere matter of willpower has remained remarkably durable.

주어진 문장: This constant awareness of human presence is what distinguishes cobots from older industrial machines. Modern factories increasingly rely on collaborative robots, often called cobots, which are designed to work safely alongside human employees. ( ① ) Unlike traditional industrial robots that operate behind safety cages, cobots use sensors to detect nearby workers and adjust their movements accordingly. ( ② ) This technology allows humans and machines to share the same workspace without the risk of dangerous accidents. ( ③ ) In practice, cobots typically handle repetitive or physically demanding tasks, while human workers focus on tasks that require judgment and fine motor skills. ( ④ ) This division of labor increases overall efficiency, since each side contributes what it does best. ( ⑤ ) Manufacturers who have introduced cobots report fewer workplace injuries and higher worker satisfaction.

주어진 문장: Such admiration is common, for instance, toward chess grandmasters, medical diagnosticians, or professional musicians who seem to recall vast bodies of specialized knowledge without visible strain. When people encounter an individual who appears to memorize enormous quantities of specialized information effortlessly, they often assume that person possesses an innate gift. ( ① ) Cognitive psychologists, however, contend that such feats rarely stem from raw talent alone. Instead, such feats arise from a learned skill known as chunking, whereby scattered pieces of information are consolidated into larger, meaningful units. ( ② ) A landmark study of chess players demonstrated this principle. When shown a board arranged according to plausible game positions, grandmasters reproduced the layout perfectly. ( ③ ) Yet when the same pieces were scattered randomly, their performance collapsed to the level of novices. This pattern reveals that expert memory is not larger in raw capacity but is instead organized around patterns accumulated through years of deliberate practice. ( ④ ) If chunking, rather than innate aptitude, underlies expert performance, then educators should stop treating talent as fixed and destiny-bound. ( ⑤ ) Curricula ought to be redesigned to cultivate pattern recognition explicitly, since doing so would grant far more students access to expertise once presumed reserved for the naturally gifted.

주어진 문장: As a result, no single boundary can be evaluated in isolation from the others. Scientists have long searched for a way to describe, in a single coherent framework, the outer limits within which human activity can safely continue without destabilizing the planet's fundamental systems. ① The concept of planetary boundaries, introduced by earth-system researchers, identifies nine interconnected processes, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and nitrogen pollution, each possessing a threshold beyond which abrupt and irreversible change becomes likely. ② Unlike conventional environmental limits, often defined locally, these boundaries are framed at a planetary scale, reflecting the idea that the Earth functions as a single interdependent system rather than a collection of isolated regions. ③ Crossing one boundary, proponents argue, does not merely damage the system involved but can also destabilize others, since climate, oceans, and land are bound together by feedback loops that transmit disturbance across the system. ④ Some philosophers have likened this framework to a ship's safe operating margin, within which passengers may move freely without risking the vessel's stability. ⑤ Critics, however, contend that the boundaries are drawn with more confidence than the data can support. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤