영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Social mobility ①refer to the movement of individuals or families between different positions within a society's system of stratification, whether upward, downward, or sideways. Sociologists distinguish intragenerational mobility, changes within a single person's lifetime, from intergenerational mobility, differences between the social position of parents and their children. A society is often judged by how much intergenerational mobility it permits, since high mobility suggests that outcomes ②depend more on effort and ability than on the accident of birth. Structural mobility, caused by large-scale economic shifts such as the growth of new industries, must ③be distinguished from individual mobility, which results from a single person's particular choices. Research across many nations has found that education ④functions as the primary channel of upward mobility, yet access to quality education is itself unevenly distributed, meaning the very mechanism meant to promote fairness can end up ⑤reproducing the inequality it was designed to overcome.

Standard economic theory assumes that money is fungible, meaning that a dollar earned as salary is functionally ①identical to a dollar received as a tax refund or won in a lottery. In practice, however, people routinely sort their finances into separate mental accounts, treating money differently depending on its source or intended purpose. A household that would never dip into its retirement savings to pay for a vacation might nonetheless spend an unexpected bonus on that very trip without ②hesitation, even though both sums are, in strictly financial terms, equally available for either purpose. This ③compartmentalization can produce decisions that appear ④consistent when viewed through a purely rational lens: the same individual who diligently saves a portion of every paycheck may simultaneously carry high-interest credit card debt, effectively paying more to borrow than they earn on their savings. Mental accounting is not always harmful, however; by assigning specific categories to specific funds, individuals can also impose useful ⑤discipline on their spending, preventing money earmarked for essential needs from being diverted toward impulsive purchases.

Two years ago, I began volunteering at an animal shelter near my neighborhood on weekends. My tasks included feeding animals, cleaning cages, and helping visitors choose a pet to adopt. One rainy afternoon, a frightened puppy refused to eat, and I sat quietly beside it for over an hour until it finally relaxed. Watching the puppy trust me changed something inside me. I began researching careers in ___________, subjects I had never seriously considered before.

As millions of people now earn income through delivery apps and ride-hailing platforms, questions about their legal status have become increasingly urgent. Most platform workers are classified as independent contractors rather than employees, which means they lack access to minimum wage guarantees, paid sick leave, or unemployment insurance. Several countries have recently begun reconsidering their labor laws, proposing new categories that would ___________. Supporters of these reforms believe fair treatment and flexibility can coexist within the same system.

Blockchain technology was originally promoted as a way to remove the need for trusted middlemen, allowing strangers to exchange value directly through a shared, tamper-resistant ledger. (A) In practice, however, a small number of large players have come to dominate many blockchain networks, controlling enough power to influence outcomes that were supposed to be decided collectively. (B) In theory, this design distributes power away from any single institution and toward the network as a whole. (C) Critics note a further irony: when something goes wrong, there is often no institution left to appeal to, since the system was designed to eliminate central authority.

The Hopeful Start Workshop offers a simple way for students to plan their new year goals. (A) First, the workshop will run from two to four in the afternoon on January 10th at the Green Hill Community Center. (B) During the session, participants will learn how to write specific, measurable goals and break them into small weekly steps. (C) Finally, students who wish to join should register online or call the front desk before January 8th, since seats are limited to thirty people.

The rise of green jobs illustrates how environmental policy can reshape entire industries. (A) However, critics note that shifting from fossil fuel jobs to green jobs is not always straightforward, since the two require different sets of skills. (B) These positions, ranging from solar panel installation to energy-efficient building design, have grown especially fast in countries investing heavily in renewable energy. (C) To address this gap, governments are introducing training programs that help workers transition smoothly between industries.

Online advertising has become increasingly personalized as algorithms analyze user behavior in real time. (A) Critics, however, warn that this precision can be used to exploit psychological weaknesses rather than genuinely help consumers. (B) Supporters claim that this precision benefits users by reducing the number of irrelevant advertisements they encounter. (C) Given these opposing views, many experts call for greater transparency about how such algorithms actually operate.

Artificial intelligence is creating job titles that did not exist a decade ago. (A) AI ethics officers, for instance, check whether a company's technology treats users fairly. (B) These new roles clearly require more than just technical skill. (C) Prompt engineers, for example, design instructions that help AI programs produce accurate results.

주어진 문장: This ability to anticipate desires so precisely raises an uncomfortable question about how much companies truly know about us. Modern advertising increasingly relies on personal data collected from users' browsing habits, search histories, and social media activity. ( ① ) Companies argue that this approach benefits consumers by showing advertisements that are more relevant to their actual interests rather than random, generic promotions. ( ② ) However, many critics contend that this level of tracking raises serious concerns about privacy, since users rarely understand how extensively their behavior is being monitored. ( ③ ) Some algorithms can predict purchasing decisions before consumers themselves are consciously aware of them. ( ④ ) Furthermore, personalized advertising can trap users in a narrow bubble, repeatedly showing them similar products and limiting their exposure to alternatives. ( ⑤ ) Given these competing concerns, policymakers must strike a careful balance between allowing innovation and protecting individual privacy rights.