영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Standard economic theory assumes that money is fungible, meaning that a dollar earned as salary is functionally ①identical to a dollar received as a tax refund or won in a lottery. In practice, however, people routinely sort their finances into separate mental accounts, treating money differently depending on its source or intended purpose. A household that would never dip into its retirement savings to pay for a vacation might nonetheless spend an unexpected bonus on that very trip without ②hesitation, even though both sums are, in strictly financial terms, equally available for either purpose. This ③compartmentalization can produce decisions that appear ④consistent when viewed through a purely rational lens: the same individual who diligently saves a portion of every paycheck may simultaneously carry high-interest credit card debt, effectively paying more to borrow than they earn on their savings. Mental accounting is not always harmful, however; by assigning specific categories to specific funds, individuals can also impose useful ⑤discipline on their spending, preventing money earmarked for essential needs from being diverted toward impulsive purchases.

Last month, I attended a three-day career camp during summer vacation. On the first day, I chose the broadcasting workshop, where students practiced writing short news scripts and reading them in front of a camera. It was ①harder than I expected, since staying calm while a camera recorded my every move felt strange at first. By the second day, however, I began to enjoy the challenge, and my confidence ②grew with each attempt. The instructors, who all had real broadcasting experience, gave detailed feedback rather than simple praise, which helped us improve ③quickly. On the final day, each team presented a short news segment to the entire camp. Although I still feel ④certain about my future career, this camp helped me ⑤understand what working in media actually involves.

Factories that once employed hundreds of workers on an assembly line now run with a ①fraction of that staff, as robotic arms handle tasks that used to require human hands. Economists have long debated whether this shift destroys jobs or simply transforms them. Historical evidence offers some ②comfort: previous waves of automation eventually created new categories of work that no one had predicted. However, critics point out that earlier transitions unfolded over generations, giving workers ③ample time to retrain, whereas today's robots are being deployed at a pace that leaves little room for adjustment. A factory worker displaced this year cannot simply wait for a new industry to emerge decades from now. For this reason, many economists argue that the real ④challenge is not the robots themselves, but the ⑤sluggish speed at which society is expected to adapt to them.

Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people undervalue future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying offers a greater long-term benefit. A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel urgent enough to motivate immediate action. To counter this tendency, students should convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel closer and more concrete. Teachers and parents should provide immediate, meaningful feedback, since ___________.

Every day, people throw away piles of used paper without thinking about where it goes. However, most of that paper does not have to end up in a landfill. Instead, it can travel to a recycling factory and _______________. First, workers collect old newspapers, boxes, and notebooks left in recycling bins. These papers are then soaked in water and turned into soft, mushy pulp. You can think of this process like breaking a cookie back into flour and water. For example, ink and small pieces of plastic are removed from the pulp during this stage. The clean pulp is pressed into thin sheets and dried in large machines. Therefore, a wrinkled old newspaper can be reborn as clean white paper. In contrast to throwing paper away, recycling it saves trees and reduces waste.

Turning off lights when you leave a room seems like a tiny action, but _______________. Every light left on in an empty room wastes electricity that could have powered something useful elsewhere. For example, a single classroom light left on overnight can waste enough energy to charge dozens of phones. This habit is similar to leaving a faucet running while you brush your teeth, where water flows out for no reason. Both actions seem harmless in the moment, but they add up to a serious waste over time. Some students argue that a single light does not make much difference. However, when an entire school forms this habit together, the total amount of saved energy becomes significant. Therefore, this small daily habit can create a surprisingly large positive effect for the whole planet.

Whether or not a goal is motivating often depends on how clear it is. (A) For example, a student who simply decides to study harder often loses direction because the plan is too vague. (B) In contrast, a student who sets a clear goal, such as raising an English score by ten points, knows exactly what to do every day. (C) This is because a clear goal gives the brain an exact target to focus on, which makes progress easy to measure and keeps people motivated.

Every plastic product carries a small recycling mark, but few students know what these marks mean. (A) Each symbol contains a number that shows what material the item is made of. For instance, the number one usually stands for clear plastic bottles, while the number five represents thicker containers like yogurt cups. (B) Reading these marks is similar to reading nutrition labels on snacks, which tell you exactly what is inside. Without checking the label, you might buy something unhealthy by mistake. (C) Likewise, throwing plastic away without checking its mark can send a reusable item straight to a landfill. Some marks even show that a material cannot be recycled at all, so it must be sorted separately. Therefore, taking a few seconds to check the mark before throwing something away makes recycling far more effective for everyone involved.

These institutions frequently begin the process with what Goffman termed a mortification of self, removing personal possessions and erasing markers of prior status so that recruits can be rebuilt according to institutional expectations. Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals absorb the norms, values, and roles that allow them to function within a society. ( ① ) Most of this process unfolds gradually and is barely noticed by the people experiencing it. ( ② ) Resocialization, by contrast, refers to a deliberate and often abrupt process in which an individual is stripped of a previous identity and trained to adopt a new set of norms, typically within what sociologist Erving Goffman called a total institution, such as a military academy, prison, or monastery. ( ③ ) While resocialization can help individuals adapt to demanding new roles, critics note that total institutions can also produce lasting psychological strain. ( ④ ) This strain often results from severing the very social ties that once anchored a person's sense of self. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This same routine has continued every week since the project began in March. The science club at Hanul High School is running a project called "Grow Light." It tests how different colors of light affect plant growth. ( ① ) Each week, members place identical bean sprouts under red, blue, and white light and record their height. ( ② ) At first, many students expected the white light to produce the tallest plants. ( ③ ) However, the results showed that plants under red light grew noticeably faster than the others. ( ④ ) The club's advisor explained this by comparing light to food. Just as people need certain nutrients to grow strong, plants absorb certain colors of light more efficiently than others. ( ⑤ ) To make the data reliable, students repeat each trial three times and calculate the average. They also keep a shared notebook, recording sunlight, watering time, and temperature. Next month, the club plans to present these findings at the school science fair.