영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Before a large-scale construction project such as a highway or dam receives government approval, planners in many countries are required to conduct an environmental impact assessment, a formal process designed to ①predict and evaluate the ecological consequences of a proposed development. This process begins with a baseline survey, in which specialists document ②existing conditions, including wildlife, water quality, and air composition, so that future changes can be measured against a reference point. Analysts then model how the project might alter these conditions, drawing on data from ③comparable developments. For instance, a proposed highway that would bisect a forest might be evaluated for its potential to fragment habitats, disrupting migration routes on which certain species depend. If the assessment identifies ④acceptable risks, planners may be required to redesign the project or adopt mitigation measures such as wildlife corridors. Critics contend, however, that assessments are sometimes treated as a bureaucratic formality rather than a ⑤genuine constraint, since developers who commission the studies retain strong influence over how the findings are interpreted.

When a resource is shared among many users, none of whom bears the full cost of its depletion, each individual is ①tempted to extract as much value as possible before others do the same. This dynamic, famously labeled the tragedy of the commons, describes how shared pastures and fisheries can be ②degraded even when every participant privately understands the danger of overuse. A single herder who adds one more animal to a communal pasture gains the ③entire benefit of that addition, whereas the resulting damage to the grass is shared among other herders who depend on the land. Because self-interest offers no incentive to restrain consumption unilaterally, the resource tends to be ④exhausted long before any user intends such an outcome. For decades, economists assumed that only two remedies existed: strict regulation or the conversion of shared resources into private property. Elinor Ostrom ⑤confirmed this assumption, however, by documenting communities that had sustainably managed fisheries and forests for generations through locally devised rules and mutual monitoring rather than external control.

Every July, our school library launches a summer reading challenge that invites students to read at least five books before classes begin again in September. Students who complete the challenge receive a ①small prize, but many say the real reward is something else entirely. Without daily homework and tests to worry about, summer gives students ②rare freedom to choose books purely because they sound interesting, not because a teacher assigned them. Librarians notice that students often pick more ③common genres during the challenge, including graphic novels, poetry, and nonfiction about hobbies they enjoy. This freedom seems to ④matter more than the prize itself, since students who only cared about winning tend to quit once the reading feels difficult, while curious readers keep going. Teachers who track student progress after summer report that challenge participants often return in September with noticeably ⑤stronger reading habits than classmates who read nothing over the break.

Psychologists have long wondered whether reading fiction can change how people treat others in real life. Several studies suggest that novels which describe a character's inner thoughts in detail can train readers to imagine what other people are feeling, a skill closely related to empathy. When readers follow a character through difficult choices, they practice stepping into someone else's perspective without any real risk to themselves. This kind of mental practice, researchers argue, can carry over into everyday situations, meaning that _______________. Not every book produces this effect equally, however, since stories focused only on fast action appear to build empathy far less than stories that slow down to explore emotion.

When an image-generating program produced a strikingly detailed painting in the exact style of a well-known illustrator within seconds, my art club spent an entire meeting arguing about what it actually meant for artists. Some members felt excited, imagining the software as a helpful tool that could speed up brainstorming or generate quick backgrounds for their comics. Others worried that _______________. A few pointed out that the final image, however skillful it looked, reflected no personal memory, struggle, or intention, only patterns learned from existing pictures. The debate never reached a clear conclusion, but it made me realize that questions about creativity now involve not just how a picture looks, but where it actually came from and who deserves credit for it.

When I finally got the chance to interview a professional webtoon artist for our school newspaper, I expected her to describe drawing as the hardest part of her job. Instead, she told me that writing the story comes first, often taking longer than the artwork itself. She sketches rough thumbnails for an entire chapter before touching a single detailed panel, testing whether the pacing keeps readers scrolling instead of losing interest halfway through. She also reads every comment section carefully, not to copy what fans suggest, but to understand which moments made readers feel something real. What surprised me most was learning that _______________. Her honesty made me realize that the smooth, effortless feeling of a good webtoon is actually the product of countless invisible decisions.

Whether or not a goal is motivating often depends on how clear it is. (A) For example, a student who simply decides to study harder often loses direction because the plan is too vague. (B) In contrast, a student who sets a clear goal, such as raising an English score by ten points, knows exactly what to do every day. (C) This is because a clear goal gives the brain an exact target to focus on, which makes progress easy to measure and keeps people motivated.

Cultural relativism transformed fields ranging from anthropology to international development, encouraging researchers to suspend quick judgment and seek local meaning before drawing conclusions. When anthropologists first began systematically studying societies far removed from their own, many unconsciously judged unfamiliar customs against the standards of their home culture, a tendency now known as ethnocentrism. ( ① ) Cultural relativism emerged as a corrective principle, holding that a society's practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than measured against an outside standard presumed to be universal. ( ② ) Anthropologist Franz Boas argued that no culture possesses an inherently superior set of values, and that apparent oddities, once examined closely, typically serve coherent functions within their own social systems. ( ③ ) Critics caution, however, that taken to an extreme, the principle risks excusing practices that cause genuine harm. ( ④ ) Refusing to judge any custom by outside standards, they note, can make it difficult to criticize injustice wherever it occurs. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This pattern holds regardless of academic subject, suggesting that the depth-of-processing principle generalizes far beyond simple laboratory tasks. For decades, memory researchers assumed that repetition alone determined how well information would be retained, an assumption that an influential theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart eventually overturned. ( ① ) According to their framework, what matters most is not how many times a person rehearses material but how deeply that material is processed during encoding. ( ② ) Shallow processing, which involves attending merely to superficial features such as the shape of letters or the sound of a word, produces memory traces that fade quickly and remain vulnerable to interference. ( ③ ) Elaborative processing, by contrast, requires connecting new information to existing knowledge, generating meaningful associations, and analyzing semantic content, thereby producing traces that are considerably more durable. ( ④ ) Consequently, a student who merely repeats a definition aloud without considering its implications is less likely to retain it than one who relates the concept to a personal example. ( ⑤ ) This distinction reshaped educational practice, encouraging teachers to design tasks that demand comprehension rather than mechanical repetition, since durable memory depends on the depth, not the frequency, of cognitive engagement.

주어진 문장: This durability is especially evident in modern debates about whether people can truly perform two demanding tasks at once. Long before cognitive scientists possessed the tools to observe the brain directly, Donald Broadbent proposed an influential model suggesting that the human capacity to process incoming sensory information is constrained by a structural bottleneck through which only a single stream of input can pass at any given instant. ( ① ) According to this filter theory, multiple channels of stimulation, such as competing voices in a crowded room, are initially registered at a shallow, physical level, but only one channel is selected for further, meaning-based analysis while the rest are blocked from advancing beyond that early filter. ( ② ) Although later researchers challenged the rigidity of this early selection mechanism, pointing to instances in which unattended information, such as one's own name, nevertheless breaks through and captures awareness, ( ③ ) the core insight that attention imposes a genuine processing limit rather than a mere matter of willpower has remained remarkably durable. ( ④ ) This basic bottleneck principle continues to inform contemporary explanations of why multitasking so reliably degrades performance on demanding tasks. ( ⑤ )