영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When anthropologists first began systematically studying societies far removed from their own, many unconsciously judged unfamiliar customs against the standards of their home culture, a tendency now ①known as ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism emerged as a corrective principle, ②holding that a society's practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than measured against an outside standard presumed to be universal. Anthropologist Franz Boas argued that no culture possesses an inherently superior set of values, and that apparent oddities, once ③examined closely, typically serve coherent functions within their own social systems. Cultural relativism transformed fields ranging from anthropology to international development, ④encouraged researchers to suspend quick judgment and seek local meaning before drawing conclusions. Critics caution, however, that taken to an extreme, the principle risks ⑤excusing practices that cause genuine harm.

Sleep debt refers to the cumulative gap between the amount of sleep a person needs and the amount they actually get. Unlike a financial debt, however, this deficit cannot simply ①be repaid with a single long weekend of rest. When someone loses two hours of sleep every night for a week, the body does not treat the shortage as fourteen separate small losses; instead, it accumulates the deficit, and the resulting impairment in attention and mood can resemble that of a person ②who has been awake for an entire night. Researchers have found that even modest, chronic sleep restriction gradually impairs reaction time and decision-making, often without the affected person ③noticing the decline. This is because subjective feelings of tiredness tend to plateau after a few days, even as objective performance keeps ④deteriorate. Consequently, people frequently underestimate how much sleep debt they are carrying until a demanding task suddenly ⑤exposes the accumulated cost.

Ambitious young athletes and the parents who support them sometimes ①assumes that more training automatically produces better results, a belief that occasionally leads to a condition known as overtraining syndrome. Unlike ordinary fatigue that resolves after a few days of rest, overtraining syndrome develops gradually over weeks or months of insufficient recovery relative to training load, eventually ②producing persistent exhaustion, declining performance despite continued hard work, and increased susceptibility to illness and injury. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable, since their bodies are simultaneously ③coping with the physical demands of growth and the added stress of intensive training schedules. Warning signs are often subtle at first, including disrupted sleep, irritability, and a loss of enthusiasm for a sport the athlete once genuinely enjoyed, which adults often ④mistake for ordinary moodiness. Recovery from full-blown overtraining syndrome can take months rather than days, which is why sports medicine specialists now emphasize ⑤monitoring early warning signs and scheduling rest before symptoms worsen.

Audiobooks have grown rapidly in popularity over the past several years, and many commuters now ①listen to novels instead of reading printed pages. Publishers report that audiobook sales ②continues to rise every year, while the growth of printed book sales has slowed. Part of the appeal is convenience, since listeners can enjoy a story while ③driving, exercising, or doing housework. Some traditional readers argue that listening to a book is not the same as truly reading it, because the listener does not process written words directly. Researchers who study this question have found that comprehension scores for listeners and readers ④are usually very similar, as long as the material is not too complex. The biggest difference tends to appear with dense, technical material, which is often easier to follow in print because readers can pause and ⑤reread difficult sentences at will.

Athletes preparing for major endurance events sometimes ①trains for weeks at high altitude, where the air contains less oxygen than at sea level, in hopes of gaining a physiological edge once they return to compete at lower elevations. In this thin air, the body responds by producing more red blood cells, ②which carry oxygen more efficiently through the bloodstream to working muscles. When these athletes return to sea level, where oxygen is more abundant, their blood ③retains this elevated capacity for a limited period, potentially translating into improved endurance performance. However, the benefits of altitude training are far from guaranteed, since individual athletes respond quite differently to the same conditions, and some experience excessive fatigue that ④undermines the very training they hoped to complete. Many elite programs therefore follow a strategy known as live high, train low, in which athletes sleep at altitude to stimulate blood adaptations but perform intense workouts at lower elevation ⑤to maintain quality and intensity.

When people consistently sleep too little, the body's hormonal balance shifts in ways that can quietly ①encourage weight gain. Two hormones in particular play opposing roles in regulating appetite: leptin signals fullness to the brain, while ghrelin ②stimulate the sensation of hunger. Studies show that sleep deprivation lowers leptin levels while raising ghrelin levels, so a tired body ends up ③feeling hungrier than it actually needs to be, even after a normal-sized meal. At the same time, insufficient sleep interferes with how efficiently the body processes glucose, making cells less responsive to insulin and ④leaving more sugar circulating in the bloodstream than usual. Over months or years, this combination of increased appetite and reduced insulin sensitivity can contribute to steady weight gain and ⑤raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Skipping a proper warm-up before intense exercise might seem like a harmless way to save a few minutes, but the practice carries real physiological costs. A cold muscle is ①more flexible and less elastic than a warm one, making it considerably more prone to strains and tears when suddenly asked to contract forcefully. Gradually raising body temperature through light activity ②increases blood flow to the muscles, allowing oxygen to reach tissue more efficiently and enabling nerve signals to travel faster between the brain and the muscle fibers. A proper warm-up also raises heart rate gradually, ③easing the cardiovascular system into strenuous work rather than shocking it with a sudden demand. Athletes who warm up thoroughly tend to report ④better performance in the early minutes of competition, since their bodies are already ⑤primed rather than adjusting on the fly.

Open a music streaming app on any given morning, and a personalized playlist is usually already waiting, assembled overnight from songs the algorithm predicts will match a listener's current mood. Listeners often praise the feature for introducing them to artists they never would have searched for on their own. Musicians, meanwhile, have mixed feelings about this shift in how audiences discover new music. A song that the algorithm decides not to promote may struggle to reach listeners no matter how well it was written, meaning that _______________.

During sleep, the brain does not simply rest; it actively reorganizes the day's experiences into lasting memories through a process called consolidation. (A) Sleep researchers have demonstrated this effect experimentally: participants who slept after learning a list of word pairs recalled more items the next day than participants who remained awake instead. Crucially, the benefit was not limited to simple recall; sleep also seemed to help participants extract general patterns from the material, suggesting that consolidation involves more than passive storage. (B) Newly formed memories are initially fragile and stored primarily in a brain region called the hippocampus, which has limited long-term capacity. (C) While a person sleeps, particularly during the deep stages of non-REM sleep, neural activity replays these fresh memory traces in rapid, compressed sequences, gradually transferring the information to the cortex for more durable, long-term storage. This replay strengthens the connections between neurons that encoded the original experience, making the memory more resistant to interference from unrelated events the following day.

주어진 문장: Yet not everyone finds this reassurance convincing. Few ideas in policy debate provoke as much philosophical unease as the notion that a government might deliberately steer citizens toward better choices while leaving every option technically available. ( ① ) Defenders insist that freedom is preserved as long as no option is banned and no penalty is attached, arguing that a citizen who is merely steered, rather than coerced, remains free to choose otherwise. ( ② ) Critics counter that this defense rests on an impoverished notion of liberty, one that ignores how engineered defaults and calculated framing can shape decisions just as powerfully as an outright prohibition would. ( ③ ) If a policy is designed because officials expect it to bypass conscious deliberation, these critics ask, can the resulting choice still be called autonomous, even though no law was broken? ( ④ ) The dispute ultimately turns on what freedom actually requires: the mere absence of coercion, or a decision-making process that remains transparent and undistorted. ( ⑤ ) Until this question is settled, every new intervention promising to help citizens choose better will continue to invite suspicion of quiet manipulation.