영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When people discuss climate change, they often focus only on rising temperatures or melting ice, ①**treating** it as a purely scientific issue. However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are ②**distributed** unevenly across the globe. Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, ③**which contributed** comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. This gap between responsibility and suffering ④**raises** a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or ⑤**flying** on a plane. Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

Imagine two travelers ① preparing for the same trip: one refuses to fly after watching news coverage of a recent plane crash, while the other books a flight without hesitation. Statistically, air travel remains far safer than ② driving the same distance by car, yet vivid, emotionally charged images tend to dominate human judgment more powerfully than dry statistics ever could. This tendency, in which people ③ estimate how likely an event is based on how easily examples come to mind rather than on actual data, quietly shapes countless everyday decisions. News broadcasts that repeatedly feature rare disasters can leave viewers ④ convinced that such events are common, even though official records clearly show the opposite. Advertisers and politicians alike exploit this pattern, knowing that a single striking anecdote often ⑤ persuade audiences more effectively than pages of careful statistics ever manage to.

Psychologist Roy Baumeister proposed a concept ①called ego depletion theory, which suggests that willpower functions like a muscle that gradually tires after repeated use. According to this theory, every act of self-control, from resisting a snack to concentrating on difficult homework, ②draws from the same limited mental resource. As this resource becomes depleted throughout the day, later decisions ③require more effort and are more likely to fail. For instance, someone who exercises discipline avoiding distractions all morning may struggle ④to resist checking a phone by evening. Likewise, dieters report that self-control weakens sharply at night, after hours of resisting food. Some researchers argue that short breaks, adequate sleep, and blood sugar levels can help restore this depleted resource. Although later studies have questioned how strong this effect is, the theory still ⑤offer a useful framework for understanding why willpower seems to fade throughout a long day.

German sociologist Georg Simmel argued that the psychological experience of city life differs fundamentally from life in small towns, primarily because urban residents are ① bombarded with a much greater volume of stimuli than the human nervous system evolved to process. To cope with this constant sensory overload, Simmel proposed, city dwellers develop what he called a blasé attitude, a protective indifference in which individuals mentally ② sharpen their emotional reaction to the surrounding crowd, treating most encounters with calculated detachment rather than genuine engagement. This detachment, while sometimes criticized as cold or impersonal, also grants urban residents a distinctive ③ freedom, since so few people know or judge them personally. Simmel therefore viewed anonymity as a ④ double-edged feature of modern life, one that isolates individuals from deep communal bonds while simultaneously ⑤ liberating them from the constant surveillance of small-town social life.

Companies that ignore these concerns risk public backlash, especially when unethical practices are ①exposed through investigative journalism or social media. Real accountability, according to many experts, requires independent verification rather than self-reported claims that ②can be easily checked. Consumers, for their part, must also remain ③vigilant, since a company's marketing language does not always match its actual practices. When ethical claims are verified and accurate, however, they can build meaningful ④trust between a brand and its customers. Ultimately, corporate responsibility should be treated as an ⑤ongoing commitment rather than a marketing strategy.

Setting a career plan early in high school offers several important ①benefits. First, having a general direction helps students choose subjects and activities that support their goals, instead of picking them ②randomly. Second, a plan gives students a sense of purpose, which can make schoolwork feel more meaningful. However, an effective career plan should remain ③rigid, since interests and circumstances often change during the teenage years. Career counselors therefore recommend reviewing a plan every few months and ④adjusting it based on new experiences. In this way, careful planning provides a clear yet adaptable path toward genuine personal growth and long-term ⑤satisfaction.

Career counselors often use simple questions to help students understand themselves. (A) A student who answers "playing music" might be encouraged to explore careers related to sound or performance. (B) For instance, a counselor might ask what activity makes a student lose track of time. (C) In this way, ordinary daily habits can become useful clues for choosing a future career.

This dopamine-driven cycle explains why so many people check their phones dozens of times throughout the day without even realizing it. (A) Neuroscientists have found that the anticipation of a possible reward, not the reward itself, produces the strongest dopamine response in the brain. (B) In other words, the brief moment of waiting to see how many likes a post receives can feel more exciting than the actual number that appears. (C) Because this anticipation is so powerful, technology designers intentionally build delays and randomness into how notifications are delivered.

Yet the objective probability of survival in both scenarios is, of course, mathematically identical. Framing effects appear with particular force in decisions involving risk and uncertainty. ( ① ) When physicians describe a treatment option in terms of a survival rate, patients tend to view the treatment favorably and are more inclined to proceed. ( ② ) When the very same statistic is instead presented as a mortality rate, patient enthusiasm for the identical treatment drops noticeably. ( ③ ) This asymmetry persists even among physicians themselves, who might be expected to evaluate probabilities more analytically than the general public. ( ④ ) The persistence of this bias among trained professionals suggests that framing effects operate below the level of deliberate reasoning, influencing judgment before conscious analysis even begins. ( ⑤ ) Understanding this tendency allows communicators to present information more responsibly, regardless of which frame ultimately proves more persuasive.

주어진 문장: This gap between image and reality is precisely what makes the practice so misleading. Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims turn out to be misleading. ( ① ) This practice, known as greenwashing, occurs when a business spends more effort marketing its products as eco-friendly than actually reducing environmental harm. ( ② ) A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. ( ③ ) Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but lack the tools to verify corporate claims. ( ④ ) In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, allowing outsiders to check their progress. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, shoppers should look beyond vague labels like green or natural and instead search for recognized certifications, transparent reports, and measurable targets. Without such scrutiny, greenwashing will keep flourishing, undermining public trust and slowing the broader shift toward an economy that truly protects the planet.