영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Before a single line of dialogue is written for many animated shows, a character designer has already ①spending weeks deciding how that character should look, move, and be recognized at a glance. A visiting illustrator who spoke at our school explained that a truly successful design should be identifiable even as a plain black silhouette, since audiences often ②notice a character's outline before they notice any facial detail. She showed us early sketches of a now-famous cartoon hero, in which the same personality had ③been tested through dozens of different body shapes, from short and round to tall and angular, before the final version was chosen. Small choices, she added, carry surprising weight: rounded shapes tend to feel friendly and safe, while sharp angles ④suggest danger or power, even to viewers who have never studied design. I left the talk realizing that a character's personality ⑤is communicated through its silhouette long before it ever speaks a single word.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to ①systematically underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists ②who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite ③needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later ④proves far too optimistic once delays appear. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, ⑤comparing a new task to similar completed tasks.

Anthropologist Robin Dunbar proposed a concept now known as Dunbar's number, suggesting that human beings can only ①abandon about one hundred fifty stable social relationships at any given time. This limit, he argued, comes from the size of the human brain, which ②restricts how many meaningful connections a person can cognitively manage. In contrast, many social media users today have hundreds or even thousands of online friends and followers, a number far ③exceeding what Dunbar's research predicts. However, having numerous digital contacts does not necessarily mean that all of these relationships are ④close or emotionally supportive. Most users, when asked, admit that they interact regularly with only a small fraction of their total followers, while the rest remain largely ⑤unnoticed.

Last January, Minji wrote the same resolution she always wrote: study English for an hour every day. By February, she had already quit, just as in previous years. ①Frustrated, she asked her teacher why her willpower always failed, and learned about a concept called implementation intentions. This idea, developed by psychologists, means forming a ②specific if-then plan that links a certain situation to a certain action in advance. She also prepared a ③backup plan: if she felt too tired, then she would study for just ten minutes instead of skipping entirely. Because these plans ④removed the need to decide anything in the moment, starting became far easier for Minji. By December, she had studied for eleven straight months, proving that clear if-then plans ⑤complicated vague intentions.

Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that ___________. When motivation is low, the task must be made extremely easy, or it will not happen at all. For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more achievable.

Fast fashion refers to cheap, trendy clothing produced quickly and replaced almost as fast as it is bought. Because these garments are designed to be worn only a few times, huge amounts of fabric end up in landfills every year, and the dyeing process pollutes rivers near factories. In contrast, a growing number of brands are turning toward the circular economy, _______________. For example, some companies collect old clothes, break down the fibers, and weave them into new fabric, while others let customers rent outfits for special occasions rather than buying garments they will barely wear. These approaches keep resources circulating within the system longer, reducing demand for raw materials. Therefore, shifting from a throwaway habit toward a circular one may be essential for making the fashion industry sustainable.

People rarely realize how many different roles they play throughout an ordinary day. (A) A single online post, however, reaches all of these audiences simultaneously, blending roles that were once kept apart. (B) They might act formally with a manager, casually with old friends, and gently with a younger sibling, switching tones without much thought. (C) This blending, known as context collapse, can leave posters uncertain about which version of themselves to display.

주어진 문장: In other words, the default option is far more powerful than most people realize. Choice architecture refers to how decisions are designed. It determines which option is automatically selected unless a person chooses otherwise, known as the default option. ( ① ) Research consistently shows that people tend to stick with whatever is already set, even when changing it takes only seconds. ( ② ) Organ donation is a well-known example. Countries where citizens are automatically registered as donors unless they opt out show much higher donation rates than opt-in countries. ( ③ ) Retirement savings programs show a similar pattern, since employees automatically enrolled in a pension plan rarely cancel it. Voluntary sign-ups, in contrast, often delay indefinitely. ( ④ ) Critics argue that default options can be manipulated to benefit companies rather than individuals, so transparency about how defaults are chosen becomes essential. ( ⑤ ) Still, supporters insist that because some default must always exist, it should support people's own long-term interests rather than mere institutional convenience.

주어진 문장: Without such structure, even highly motivated students may unconsciously postpone tasks that feel too far removed from the present moment. Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people undervalue future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. ( ① ) This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying offers a greater long-term benefit. ( ② ) A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel urgent enough to motivate immediate action. ( ③ ) To counter this tendency, students should convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. ( ④ ) Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel closer and more concrete. Teachers and parents should provide immediate, meaningful feedback, since prompt recognition helps bridge the gap between present effort and delayed reward, ultimately reducing the urge to postpone tasks. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: Vague intentions, by contrast, give the brain no clear signal about when effort should begin or end. Setting a goal such as 'I will study harder' rarely leads to meaningful improvement. ( ① ) According to psychologists Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, specific and challenging goals produce far better performance than vague or easy ones. ( ② ) This idea, known as goal-setting theory, suggests that clear targets direct attention and sustain effort over time. ( ③ ) To apply this theory effectively, many educators recommend the SMART framework, which requires goals to be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. ( ④ ) For instance, a student following this framework might say, 'I will memorize thirty new words every week for two months.' Because the goal includes a clear number and a deadline, progress becomes easy to track and evaluate. Challenging goals also tend to increase motivation, since people often work harder when a target feels meaningfully difficult rather than trivially simple. ( ⑤ )