영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to ①systematically underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists ②who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite ③needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later ④proves far too optimistic once delays appear. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, ⑤comparing a new task to similar completed tasks.

Many people believe that a new habit becomes automatic after only twenty-one days, but researchers who ①examined real behavior found a different number. This project, ②called the 66-day habit formation study, tracked volunteers who tried to adopt a new daily habit, like drinking water with lunch. Researchers measured how automatic each action felt over time and found that habits ③needing an average of sixty-six days to become effortless. Yet the actual time varied widely, ranging from about eighteen days for simple habits to over two hundred days for ④difficult ones. This wide range explains why the popular twenty-one-day claim, though easy ⑤to remember, rarely matches real experience.

The framing effect describes how people respond differently to the same information depending on how it is presented, even when the underlying facts remain unchanged. When news outlets describe climate change primarily as a looming ①crisis, filled with images of disasters and warnings of irreversible damage, audiences often react with ②confidence or, paradoxically, with hopeless resignation. In contrast, when the same issue is framed as an ③opportunity, emphasizing innovative technologies and emerging green jobs, readers tend to feel more ④motivated to act and support policy change. Neither framing alone tells the complete story, since climate change genuinely involves both serious risks and promising solutions. Therefore, journalists who rely too heavily on either extreme risk distorting public understanding and discouraging meaningful engagement. A ⑤balanced approach, which honestly presents dangers while highlighting realistic paths forward, is far more likely to sustain long-term public attention and inspire lasting action.

Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort. In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on _______________.

Many students assume that perfectionists work harder than everyone else, but psychologists describe a puzzling pattern called the perfectionism-procrastination cycle. This term describes how an intense fear of imperfect work causes people to ___________. Because perfectionists set impossibly high standards, they often feel anxious before they even begin, and the task feels overwhelming. They then postpone the work to avoid facing their own unrealistic expectations, even though delay only increases their stress later. For example, a student writing a research paper might spend hours reorganizing notes instead of composing a single sentence that feels good enough. Likewise, an employee facing an important report may check emails repeatedly rather than begin drafting, fearing an early attempt will seem inadequate. Ironically, this avoidance guarantees the very failure that perfectionists dread, since rushed, last-minute work rarely meets their own high standards.

Many teenagers check their social media accounts dozens of times a day, worried that they might miss something important happening among their friends. This anxiety, known as FOMO, or the fear of missing out, arises when people believe that others are enjoying experiences from which they themselves are excluded. For example, a student scrolling through photos of a party she was not invited to may suddenly feel a wave of loneliness and regret, even though the event has already ended. Constantly refreshing feeds to avoid missing such updates, however, makes it difficult to concentrate on schoolwork or conversations happening in the present moment. Moreover, this endless comparison with curated highlights of other people's lives tends to deepen feelings of anxiety rather than relieve them. Therefore, students should learn to ___________.

Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people undervalue future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying offers a greater long-term benefit. A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel urgent enough to motivate immediate action. To counter this tendency, students should convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel closer and more concrete. Teachers and parents should provide immediate, meaningful feedback, since ___________.

Until last spring, Minji rarely thought twice about tossing a paper cup into the trash after finishing her coffee. _______________. That changed when her class was assigned a documentary about plastic waste drifting through the ocean, footage she initially expected to find boring. Instead, watching seabirds mistake plastic fragments for food left her strangely unsettled, and she found herself thinking about the assignment long after class ended. The next morning, almost without deciding to, she slipped her old tumbler into her backpack instead of buying a disposable cup on the way to school. It felt like a small, meaningless gesture at first. However, as weeks passed, she realized that consistently choosing the tumbler, declining a plastic straw, and reusing a shopping bag were quietly adding up. Small choices, she discovered, become meaningful once repeated.

주어진 문장: Because the timer makes each interval visible and concrete, students often feel a stronger sense of urgency during each session. Among strategies for improving concentration, the Pomodoro Technique remains one of the most widely recommended methods for students and workers. ( ① ) This technique involves working with full attention for twenty-five minutes, then taking a short five-minute break before starting the next session. ( ② ) After completing four of these cycles, a longer break of fifteen to thirty minutes is usually taken to allow mental recovery. ( ③ ) The method assumes that sustained focus becomes harder to maintain as time passes, so frequent short breaks prevent mental fatigue from building up. ( ④ ) Students preparing for exams report finishing reading assignments faster when they follow this structured rhythm instead of studying without interruption. Office workers find that dividing large projects into short, timed intervals makes overwhelming tasks feel more manageable. ( ⑤ ) Because each interval has a clear start and end, procrastination becomes less tempting, since beginning a single twenty-five-minute session requires less commitment than beginning an entire project.

주어진 문장: Curious about why she always ran out of money so quickly, she asked her cousin for advice. When Mina was a freshman, she often spent her allowance within a few days. ( ① ) Her older cousin told her about the marshmallow experiment, a famous study in which children could eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for two. ( ② ) Researchers found that children who waited longer showed better academic performance and self-control years later. ( ③ ) This ability to resist an immediate reward in favor of a larger future one is known as delayed gratification. ( ④ ) Inspired by the study, Mina began saving half of her allowance each week instead of spending it all on snacks. At first, resisting small purchases felt surprisingly difficult, especially when her friends were eating out. After three months, however, she had saved enough to buy a bicycle she had wanted for over a year. ( ⑤ )