영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

문제 1

Sensors buried in the soil now report moisture levels in real time, drones survey entire fields for signs of disease within minutes, and automated systems adjust irrigation without a farmer ever ①walking the rows. For large operations with the capital ②to invest, these tools have measurably increased yields while reducing water waste, addressing two problems that traditional farming has struggled with for generations. Smaller family farms, however, often cannot afford the upfront cost of this equipment, and some worry that the gap between high-tech and traditional operations will only ③widen as the technology advances further. There is also a quieter cultural cost that rarely appears in productivity reports: generations of farming knowledge, passed down through direct observation of soil, weather, and crops, risk ④being replaced by dashboards and automated alerts that few young farmers ⑤teaching to question.

문제 2

Military researchers have developed weapons systems ①capable of identifying and engaging targets without a human pressing the final button, a prospect that has ②alarmed arms control experts for over a decade. Advocates within defense agencies argue that autonomous systems can react faster than any human operator and may even reduce casualties by removing fear and fatigue from split-second decisions. Human rights organizations counter that removing a person from the final decision ③strip away moral responsibility at the exact moment it matters most, since a machine cannot be held accountable in any meaningful sense. Diplomatic negotiations toward an international treaty have repeatedly ④stalled, partly because military powers disagree on how to define autonomy precisely enough to regulate it. Meanwhile, the underlying technology continues to advance regardless of ⑤whether the diplomacy meant to govern it keeps pace.

문제 3

A cluster of neurons smaller than a pea can now spontaneously organize itself into layered structures that ①mimic, in miniature, the architecture of a developing human brain. Grown from stem cells coaxed to follow the same developmental cues that guide an embryo, these brain organoids have begun firing electrical signals in patterns that ②sharply resemble the activity recorded in an infant's brain. For researchers studying disorders such as autism or schizophrenia, this offers something long unavailable: a living model of human brain development that can be observed and manipulated directly, without ever touching an actual patient. Because organoids lack sensory organs, a body, or any connection to the outside world, most neuroscientists argue that the structures ③cannot generate anything resembling subjective experience, however brain-like their electrical activity may appear. Even so, the pace at which these organoids are growing more ④complex has convinced some ethicists that the field would benefit from establishing clear ⑤boundaries now, before the science outruns the conversation about what it means.

문제 4

Coaches have traditionally focused athlete preparation on training volume and nutrition, but a growing body of research suggests that sleep deserves ①equal attention. During deep sleep, the body releases growth hormone, a substance essential for repairing muscle tissue damaged during intense training, while the brain ②consolidates motor skills practiced earlier that day into more stable, efficient patterns. Athletes who sleep fewer than seven hours a night have been shown to suffer ③more injuries, slower reaction times, and reduced accuracy compared to well-rested peers performing the identical drills. Frequent travel across time zones ④simplifies this challenge considerably, since jet lag can disrupt an athlete's natural sleep-wake cycle for several days after a long flight, sometimes right before an important competition. In response, many professional teams now employ sleep specialists who design travel schedules, control bedroom lighting and temperature, treating sleep as an ⑤active and measurable component of overall athletic training.

문제 5

Sleep is not a single, uniform state but a cycle that alternates between two very different modes: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and non-REM sleep. During non-REM sleep, especially its deepest stage, the brain waves ①slow down dramatically, the body temperature drops, and tissue repair and growth hormone release reach their peak. This is the period most closely associated with physical ②restoration. REM sleep, by contrast, brings rapid eye movements, near-total muscle paralysis, and brain activity that closely resembles wakefulness. Most vivid dreaming occurs during this stage, and researchers believe it plays a central role in ③ignoring memories and processing emotional experiences. A healthy night typically cycles through both stages four or five times, with non-REM dominating the early hours and REM periods ④lengthening toward morning. Disrupting either stage, through frequent awakenings or alcohol use, can leave a person feeling ⑤unrested even after a full night in bed.

문제 6

Facial recognition software has moved rapidly from airport security lines into shopping malls, schools, and even private apartment buildings. (A) Independent studies, however, have repeatedly found that many commercial systems perform less accurately on women and people with darker skin tones. (B) Proponents note that the technology can unlock doors, catch shoplifters, and speed up identity checks far faster than any human guard could manage. (C) Several cities have already reported cases in which an innocent person was detained based on a flawed match.

문제 7

One reason many consumers hesitate to switch to greener options involves a specific pricing gap that economists have named. (A) This price gap frequently discourages shoppers who support sustainability in principle but cannot justify the additional expense, while wealthier consumers can absorb the premium more easily, which creates unequal participation in green markets. (B) This gap, known as the green premium, describes the extra cost that consumers must pay when they choose an environmentally friendly product over a cheaper, conventional alternative; for example, an electric vehicle or solar-powered appliance often carries a higher price tag than its gasoline-powered or coal-based counterpart, even though it produces fewer emissions. (C) To narrow this gap, governments have introduced subsidies and tax credits that lower upfront costs, and as production scales up and innovation continues, many economists expect the premium to shrink steadily.

문제 8

This is because the sun's rays are strongest during these hours, even on cloudy days. Strong summer sunlight can seriously damage your skin if you are not careful. ( ① ) Ultraviolet rays can cause sunburn, wrinkles, and even skin cancer over time. ( ② ) To protect your skin, apply sunscreen with a high SPF before going outside, and reapply it every two hours. ( ③ ) Wearing a hat and sunglasses also helps shield your face and eyes from direct sunlight. ( ④ ) In addition, try to stay in the shade between eleven in the morning and three in the afternoon. ( ⑤ ) After spending time outdoors, cool your skin with a damp towel and apply a moisturizer.

문제 9

That two- or three-hour gap may look modest on paper, but its effects accumulate quickly, touching everything from mood to memory. Across the world, teenagers are chronically short on sleep, often getting two or three hours less than the eight to ten hours experts recommend for their age. ( ① ) Part of the problem lies in biology: as puberty begins, the body's internal clock naturally shifts later, making it difficult for teenagers to fall asleep before eleven at night. ( ② ) Yet school start times rarely adjust to this shift, forcing students to wake before their bodies are ready. ( ③ ) The consequences extend well beyond simple tiredness. Chronic sleep loss during adolescence has been linked to impaired concentration, weakened memory, and a higher risk of anxiety and depression. ( ④ ) It can also disrupt the hormones that regulate appetite, contributing to unhealthy weight gain over time. Some school districts have experimented with delaying start times by even thirty minutes, and early results suggest that students who gain that extra rest show improved grades, better mood, and fewer tardy arrivals. ( ⑤ ) Despite this evidence, changing entrenched school schedules remains a slow and contentious process.

문제 10

Critics warn that treating space as an open frontier for extraction risks repeating the same environmental and political mistakes that colonization caused on Earth. As private companies develop the technology to mine asteroids for rare metals and water, a legal question once confined to science fiction has suddenly become urgent: who, if anyone, owns the resources of outer space? ( ① ) Existing international treaties state that no nation may claim sovereignty over celestial bodies, but they say remarkably little about whether a private company may extract and sell what it finds there. ( ② ) Some governments have already passed domestic laws granting their own companies rights to material mined in space. ( ③ ) Other nations view this as a unilateral attempt to settle a question that should be decided collectively. ( ④ ) Supporters of space mining argue that new resources could ease shortages on Earth and fund further exploration. ( ⑤ )