영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Scientists have identified certain gene variants that ① appear more frequently among elite endurance athletes than among the general population, along with a separate set that seems to favor explosive, power-based sports such as sprinting. One frequently studied variant, for instance, ② influences the proportion of slow-twitch versus fast-twitch muscle fibers a person naturally develops, a ratio that shapes whether a body leans toward endurance or explosive power. However, researchers caution strongly against ③ interpreting these findings as evidence that athletic greatness is simply inherited. Even athletes who carry every favorable variant identified so far still require years of disciplined training ④ to translate that genetic potential into actual performance, and many elite competitors lack some of these supposedly advantageous variants altogether. Genetics may set a rough ceiling on an individual's ultimate potential, but where any particular athlete lands within that range ⑤ depend overwhelmingly on training quality, nutrition, coaching, and sheer determination.

Jiho had always assumed he would join a large corporation after graduation, just as his parents expected. During his final year of university, however, he joined a small student team ①building an app that connected local farmers directly with restaurants. What started as a class project gradually ②turned into something more serious, as several restaurants began placing regular orders through their prototype. Jiho and his teammates decided ③to delay job applications and instead spend a year developing the idea, despite warnings from relatives ④who considered the plan too risky. After nearly failing twice, the team secured a small investment that allowed them ⑤hire their first employee.

As companies collect enormous amounts of personal data to improve their products and target advertisements, serious ethical questions ①have emerged about how that information should be handled. Employees who work with big data now face responsibilities ②that previous generations rarely encountered, since a single careless decision can expose millions of people's private information. Some argue that strict regulations should govern data collection, even if such rules ③slow innovation and increase costs for businesses. Others insist that self-regulation within companies, guided by clear ethical training, can ④protects consumers just as effectively without stifling progress. Universities have begun adding data ethics courses to computer science programs, ⑤recognizing that future employees will need to balance innovation with responsibility.

Every time a smartphone connects to a cell tower or a Wi-Fi network, it quietly records a data point that can later ① be pieced together into a detailed map of where its owner has been. Most users agree to this tracking without ② reading the fine print, assuming that a single company's database poses little threat. The real danger, however, emerges when location data from multiple sources ③ combining. A pattern that reveals a person's home, workplace, and daily route can expose far more than any single app ever intended to share. Companies often argue that anonymized data cannot be traced back to individuals, yet researchers have repeatedly ④ shown that a handful of location points is enough to identify a specific person. As a result, privacy experts increasingly insist that location data ⑤ deserves the same legal protection as medical records.

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are accurate. This practice, ①knowing as greenwashing, involves exaggerating or fabricating a product's positive impact on the environment. Consumers, ②who are increasingly concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay higher prices for products ③that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually ④require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards ⑤that require companies to prove their environmental claims with verifiable data.

Identical information can provoke strikingly different reactions depending on how it is worded, a phenomenon economists call the framing effect. Patients told that a surgical procedure carries a ninety percent survival rate tend to ①consent to it far more readily than patients told that the same procedure carries a ten percent mortality rate. This discrepancy arises because language does more than transmit facts; it also supplies an ②emotional lens through which those facts are interpreted. Positive framing, which emphasizes what will be ③preserved or gained, tends to encourage risk-averse choices, whereas negative framing, which emphasizes what might be lost, often pushes people toward ④safer alternatives in an attempt to avoid the loss altogether. Marketers, healthcare providers, and policymakers alike ⑤exploit this asymmetry, sometimes to help audiences make sounder decisions and sometimes merely to steer them toward a predetermined conclusion.

On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when _______________. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

Retailers use a variety of techniques designed to encourage customers to make unplanned purchases. Placing small, inexpensive items near checkout counters, for example, tempts shoppers who are already waiting in line with little else to do. Online stores achieve a similar effect through countdown timers that create a false sense of urgency, suggesting that a deal will vanish within minutes. Bright colors, cheerful music, and pleasant scents are also carefully chosen to put customers in a relaxed mood, making them less likely to think critically about their spending. Critics argue that these tactics ___________. Supporters of the industry insist that such techniques merely make shopping more enjoyable and are not inherently deceptive.

The role of emotion in decision-making carries important implications for how financial advice should be delivered. (A) An advisor who presents only statistical projections and probability distributions, however accurate, may fail to help a client translate that information into a decision that feels manageable rather than overwhelming. (B) Effective financial communication, therefore, often pairs quantitative analysis with reassurance calibrated to the client's emotional state, particularly during periods of market turbulence. (C) Clients facing significant financial decisions are rarely persuaded by numbers alone, since anxiety about an uncertain outcome can override even a clear rational case for a particular course of action.

My older sister suggested that I make a more realistic plan instead. When summer vacation began, I decided to make a daily schedule so that I would not waste my free time. ( ① ) At first, my plan was too strict, with study sessions packed back to back and almost no breaks. ( ② ) After only three days, I felt exhausted and gave up on the schedule completely. ( ③ ) She recommended setting two or three main goals for each day rather than filling every single hour. ( ④ ) I also learned to include short breaks between tasks, since resting actually helps me focus better afterward. ( ⑤ ) Since making these changes, I have been able to follow my schedule much more consistently.