영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally ①opposed, or whether the relationship between them changes shape as an economy matures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that pollution initially ②rises alongside economic growth before eventually declining once a society crosses a certain threshold of wealth. In its early stages, industrializing nations ③prioritize output over conservation, treating clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will to demand ④more lenient regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. Some scholars regard this trajectory as a ⑤reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall.

A shocking headline can spread across social media within minutes, long before anyone checks whether it is actually true. Studies show that false stories often travel faster than accurate ones, partly because surprising or emotional claims get shared more quickly than careful, balanced reporting. To handle this flood of information, students today need a skill that previous generations rarely had to practice: checking a source before believing it. _______________. Media literacy classes now teach students to pause before they share anything, asking who wrote it and why.

Many students imagine a librarian simply sitting behind a desk and stamping books. Ms. Han, who has worked at a school library for over ten years, says that image is far from accurate. A large part of her job involves choosing which new books to buy, based on both student requests and current trends in youth literature. She also spends hours training students to search databases and judge whether an online source is trustworthy, a skill she considers just as important as reading itself. According to Ms. Han, the most rewarding moment is not organizing shelves but _______________. She admits that budgets are often tight and that new technology keeps changing how libraries operate.

Economists traditionally measured a community's wealth in terms of factories, income, or infrastructure, yet sociologists increasingly point to a less visible resource: social capital, the networks of trust and reciprocity that allow people to cooperate for mutual benefit. (C) However, social capital is not uniformly beneficial; tightly bonded networks can also exclude outsiders and reinforce existing inequality. (B) Communities rich in social capital tend to enjoy lower crime and more effective local government, because neighbors who trust one another can coordinate informally. (A) For this reason, researchers increasingly distinguish between bonding capital, which strengthens ties within a single group, and bridging capital, which connects otherwise separate communities.

Many teachers and parents worry that today's teenagers are losing the ability to read long, complex texts. (A) Other researchers disagree with this simple explanation, pointing out that teenagers today read constantly, just in different forms, such as text messages, captions, and online articles. (B) National test scores show a slow decline in reading comprehension over the past ten years, and some experts blame smartphones and short videos for shortening students' attention spans. (C) According to this view, the real problem is not that students read less overall, but that they rarely practice reading long passages without any interruption, as a recent study of monthly book readers suggested.

Students often groan when a classic novel appears on their reading list, complaining that the language feels old-fashioned and the plot moves too slowly. (A) Readers often discover that a character written hundreds of years ago struggles with feelings that still feel familiar today. For these reasons, many teachers argue that classics deserve a place on every reading list, not because they are old, but because they are still relevant. (B) It is true that classic literature can be harder to read than a modern bestseller written in casual, everyday language. Yet this very difficulty is part of why classics remain valuable for young readers today. (C) Working through unfamiliar sentence patterns and vocabulary trains the brain to handle complex texts, a skill that transfers directly to other subjects and to standardized tests. Beyond language training, classic novels also explore themes such as jealousy, ambition, and loss that have not changed much across centuries.

For many years, comic books and graphic novels were seen as a lazy alternative to real reading. (A) Recent research, however, tells a more complicated story, since graphic novels actually require readers to combine written text with visual clues. (B) Parents and teachers often worried that pictures did the work that words should do, leaving young readers with weaker vocabulary and imagination. (C) Rather than replacing traditional reading, graphic novels appear to work best as a bridge that leads students toward it.

Such shortcuts might seem harmless when nothing goes wrong the first few times. Science labs feel far safer than they actually are, largely because the equipment looks harmless and the experiments are carefully planned by a teacher. ( ① ) This false sense of security leads some students to skip small precautions, such as wearing safety goggles for a "simple" experiment or tasting a substance out of curiosity. ( ② ) Chemical reactions, however, do not distinguish between a professional laboratory and a classroom; a small amount of the wrong substance splashed into an eye can cause permanent damage within seconds, regardless of how basic the experiment seemed. ( ③ ) Teachers repeatedly emphasize reading each instruction before touching any material, since even a familiar-looking chemical can behave unpredictably when combined with something new. ( ④ ) Most laboratory accidents, researchers note, do not happen during advanced or unusual experiments but during routine ones that students have performed many times before. ( ⑤ ) This is precisely because familiarity breeds carelessness rather than caution.

In other words, the hardest part of reading is never the reading itself, but the moment just before it begins. Building a reading habit does not usually start with a big decision to read more. ( ① ) It often starts with very small, easy steps. ( ② ) Some students keep a book in their bag so that they always have something to read while waiting for a bus, and others choose a fixed time each day, like right before bed, to read for just ten minutes. ( ③ ) These small routines work because they lower the effort needed to begin. ( ④ ) Once a student sits down and opens a book, continuing to read the next page feels much easier than the first step of starting. Experts also suggest setting a very low daily goal, such as one page, instead of a strict page count that feels like homework. ( ⑤ ) Over weeks, these tiny actions add up, and reading slowly becomes something the student simply does, rather than something the student has to force.

주어진 문장: Yet whether this incentive actually translates into real-world design changes remains a matter of considerable dispute. Extended producer responsibility, a policy requiring manufacturers to bear responsibility for their products even after use, has been adopted by governments seeking to reduce landfill waste. ① Under such schemes, companies must finance the collection and recycling of goods once consumers discard them, rather than leaving municipalities to absorb the cost. ② Advocates maintain that shifting this burden onto producers creates a powerful incentive to design products that are more durable, easily disassembled, and readily recyclable from the outset. ③ Critics counter that the policy, whatever its theoretical merits, often fails to reduce waste meaningfully unless paired with rigorous enforcement and transparent reporting requirements. ④ For instance, some manufacturers merely pass the added cost of compliance on to consumers, without making substantive changes to how products are designed. ⑤ In contrast, jurisdictions that combine producer responsibility with strict eco-design standards and independent audits tend to witness genuine improvements in recyclability. Therefore, policymakers hoping to harness this approach must resist treating it as self-executing and instead invest in oversight that determines whether producers actually change behavior. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤