영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Imagine a distant planet ①identically to Earth in every visible respect, except that the clear liquid its inhabitants call "water" is not H2O but a different compound, XYZ, that happens ②to look, taste, and behave exactly the same. When an Earthling and a Twin Earthling each say the word "water," they seem to mean the same thing, since neither could tell the substances apart without a chemistry lab. Philosopher Hilary Putnam ③used this scenario to argue that the meaning of a word is not determined solely by what happens inside a speaker's head. Even though the two speakers hold identical thoughts and mental images when they use the word, their statements refer to two different substances, because the underlying chemical composition, not personal belief, ④fixes what a word ultimately picks out. Meaning, Putnam concluded, depends partly on the world outside the mind, not merely on the private mental states of ⑤whoever happens to be speaking.

Our school's book club, Page Turners, meets every Wednesday to discuss a book the members ①chose. At the start of each month, students suggest titles and vote to pick one. This way, everyone feels some ownership over what the club reads next. Before each meeting, members read several chapters and ②prepare a few questions. During the meeting, the leader opens discussion by ③asking a question about the story's main idea. Then members take turns ④sharing their opinions, even when they disagree with each other. For example, students once argued for a long time about a character's difficult choice. Such debates, though sometimes loud, help members understand different points of view. At the end of the semester, the club holds an event ⑤recommending favorite books.

Policymakers seeking to improve public welfare without restricting individual freedom have increasingly embraced an approach ①known as nudging, which alters the environment in which choices are made rather than mandating particular outcomes. A nudge preserves every option that ②was previously available; it simply arranges those options so that the choice deemed most beneficial becomes easier or more visible than the alternatives. Placing fruit at eye level in a school cafeteria while keeping dessert accessible but less prominent, for instance, ③do not forbid any student from choosing dessert, yet it measurably shifts consumption patterns toward healthier food. Advocates argue that such interventions ④respect autonomy precisely because no option is removed and no penalty is imposed for choosing differently. Critics, however, contend that even subtle architectural choices exploit predictable cognitive shortcuts, ⑤raising questions about whether influencing behavior through psychological means is meaningfully different from more coercive forms of persuasion.

Many students wonder why club activities ①matter so much for their school life record, a document that summarizes what a student did during each semester. Whenever students take part in a club, their teacher writes a short note describing what role they played and how they grew. For example, a student who organized a club exhibition might be described as someone who showed ②strong leadership and creativity. These notes are not simply a list of activities; they explain the process behind each achievement. Therefore, admissions officers at universities read the record carefully to understand a student's ③genuine interests, not just their grades. In contrast, a club membership with no real participation rarely leaves a ④meaningful impression. This is why teachers encourage students to take a ⑤passive role rather than joining a club only for its name.

Before making a purchase, most online shoppers now read reviews written by previous customers rather than relying solely on advertisements. These reviews, posted by people who have no financial connection to the seller, often seem more trustworthy than promotional claims. Research shows that products with a large number of positive reviews sell significantly more than those with few or no reviews at all. However, fake reviews written by paid writers or even automated programs have become a serious problem, undermining consumer trust. Platforms that fail to detect these fraudulent posts risk losing credibility with their users, who expect authentic opinions when making decisions. To address this issue, several review platforms have begun using artificial intelligence to identify suspicious patterns. Ultimately, the power of online reviews ___________.

Many students set a New Year goal to build a new habit, such as reading every night or exercising each morning. However, most people give up within two weeks because the habit still feels difficult. Researchers who studied this process found that ___________. During the first few weeks, your brain still treats the activity as something new, so you must rely on willpower. Around the middle of this period, the behavior becomes easier, and by the end, the action feels natural and comfortable.

Dear residents, we are writing to explain how to separate food waste correctly in our building. Many people still throw food waste into the general trash, which causes bad smells. Therefore, this notice describes the exact steps you should follow every day. First, please use _______________ for all food scraps. Fruit peels, vegetable ends, and leftover rice belong in this bin, not in a plastic bag. However, hard items such as eggshells and bones must go into the general trash instead. In addition, please drain excess liquid from your food waste before throwing it away. This simple habit, which only takes a few seconds, keeps the area clean and dry. For example, tea bags should never be placed in the food waste bin. Thank you for helping our neighborhood stay pleasant.

Understanding the perfectionism-procrastination cycle can help students break free from a frustrating pattern of delay. (A) This fear does not mean perfectionists lack motivation; rather, it pushes them to delay the task in order to avoid confronting their own high standards. (B) As a result, many perfectionists end up completing work at the last possible moment, which paradoxically increases the likelihood of the very mistakes they feared. (C) When someone holds unrealistic expectations for a task, the fear of falling short often becomes so intense that starting the task itself feels dangerous.

This kind of outside feedback often reveals strengths you may not notice on your own. Building a career portfolio is a great way to track your growth throughout high school. ( ① ) A portfolio is simply a collection of your achievements, activities, and reflections. ( ② ) Start by choosing a format, such as a folder, a notebook, or a digital file. ( ③ ) Next, include items like club activities, volunteer work, certificates, and sample projects, along with a short reflection for each one. ( ④ ) Update your portfolio regularly instead of waiting until graduation, since memories of small experiences fade quickly. ( ⑤ ) In addition, ask a teacher or mentor to review it occasionally and offer feedback.

There is also a quieter cultural cost that rarely appears in productivity reports. Sensors buried in the soil now report moisture levels in real time, drones survey entire fields for signs of disease within minutes, and automated systems adjust irrigation without a farmer ever walking the rows. ( ① ) For large operations with the capital to invest, these tools have measurably increased yields while reducing water waste. ( ② ) Smaller family farms, however, often cannot afford the upfront cost of this equipment. ( ③ ) Some worry that the gap between high-tech and traditional operations will only widen as the technology advances further. ( ④ ) Generations of farming knowledge, passed down through direct observation of soil, weather, and crops, risk being replaced by dashboards and automated alerts. ( ⑤ )