영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When someone's heart suddenly stops beating, the brain begins ①to suffer damage within minutes unless blood keeps circulating, which is why the actions taken by an ordinary bystander before paramedics arrive can matter as much as the treatment given at the hospital. Studies show that a person who ②receives CPR immediately from someone nearby is far more likely to survive than one who waits for professional help to arrive. Despite this, many people hesitate to start chest compressions, ③worried that they might break a rib or make the situation worse. Medical instructors respond to this fear: a cracked rib heals, but a brain ④depriving of oxygen for too long does not. Modern CPR training has also been simplified, focusing on firm, rhythmic chest compressions rather than the more complicated combination of breaths and compressions once required, ⑤making the skill easier for ordinary students to learn and remember under pressure.

Consider a village green shared freely by every herder in the community, where each individual may graze as many animals as they wish without paying any fee. From the perspective of any single herder, adding one more animal to the shared pasture brings a clear personal ①loss, since the extra income belongs entirely to that herder alone. The cost of the additional grazing, however, is spread thinly across every herder who uses the green, so no single individual bears more than a tiny fraction of the ②damage. Because this calculation favors adding more animals for every rational herder, the shared pasture is gradually ③overgrazed until it can no longer support any animals at all, harming the very community whose rational members caused the collapse. Philosophers use this scenario to illustrate a troubling gap between what benefits an individual in the short term and what preserves a shared resource in the ④long term, a gap that voluntary self-restraint alone rarely ⑤closes.

Part of the problem is that renting a scooter takes only a few taps on a phone screen, while finding and carrying a helmet requires ①planning that many riders simply skip. Emergency room doctors note that scooter-related head injuries have risen ②sharply in recent years, closely tracking the rise in scooter popularity itself. Unlike a bicycle, which typically requires balance skills built up over years of practice, an electric scooter can reach a ③surprising speed within seconds, often faster than new riders expect from something that looks simple to operate. A fall at that speed, onto pavement rather than grass, can cause a head injury just as ④severe as one from a bicycle or a small motorcycle. Cities that have begun requiring helmets for scooter rentals report a measurable ⑤rise in serious injuries.

Anyone designing a presentation, a curriculum, or a grocery list should attend to a well-documented pattern in human memory known as the serial position effect. When people are asked to recall items from a list right after studying it, they ①consistently remember the items presented at the beginning and end far better than those buried in the middle. The advantage for early items, called the primacy effect, arises because those items receive ②less rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred into long-term storage before subsequent items compete for attention. The advantage for final items, known as the recency effect, occurs because those items remain ③accessible in short-term memory at the moment of recall. Middle items suffer because they must compete for ④limited rehearsal opportunities while lacking the stability afforded by extended processing. Communicators who ignore this pattern risk burying their most important point where it will predictably be forgotten. A more effective strategy, therefore, places the crucial message at the beginning or end, precisely where memory proves most ⑤reliable.

Many teachers and parents worry that today's teenagers are ①gaining the ability to read long, complex texts. National test scores show a slow ②decline in reading comprehension over the past ten years, and some experts blame smartphones and short videos for shortening students' attention spans. Other researchers disagree with this simple explanation. They point out that teenagers today read constantly, just in different forms, such as text messages, captions, and online articles. According to this view, the real problem is not that students read less overall, but that they rarely practice reading long passages without any ③interruption. A team of researchers recently found that students who read at least one full book every month scored ④noticeably higher on comprehension tests than students who mainly read short online posts. This result suggests that the format of reading, rather than simple screen time, may be the more important factor behind the ⑤changing scores.

Biodegradable plastics have been promoted as a promising solution to plastic waste, since they are designed to decompose into natural substances rather than persist for centuries. Manufacturers derive these materials from renewable resources such as corn starch, blending them with additives that accelerate microbial breakdown once discarded. However, _______________. For example, a bag labeled biodegradable may take years, not the weeks advertised, to break down in a landfill or ocean, where temperature and microbial activity remain low. In addition, when mixed with conventional plastics in recycling streams, they can contaminate the process, weakening the quality of materials produced afterward. Some engineers therefore compare biodegradable plastics to a bridge that leads nowhere unless paired with infrastructure that completes the journey. Ultimately, realizing their genuine potential requires not only technological refinement but also facilities capable of providing the precise conditions decomposition demands.

A food allergy can turn an ordinary snack shared between classmates into a medical emergency within minutes, which is why schools now take ingredient labels more seriously than they once did. (A) Friends of allergic students sometimes assume that a small bite would not cause serious harm, not realizing that the amount needed to trigger anaphylaxis can be smaller than a crumb. (B) Recognizing the early signs, such as swelling around the lips, hives, or sudden difficulty breathing, allows classmates and teachers to act before the reaction becomes severe. (C) For someone with a severe allergy, even a trace amount of the wrong ingredient, transferred by a shared spoon or an unwashed hand, can trigger a reaction that closes the airway and becomes life-threatening if untreated.

For decades, memory researchers assumed that repetition alone determined how well information would be retained, an assumption that an influential theory proposed by Craik and Lockhart eventually overturned. (A) Shallow processing, which involves attending merely to superficial features such as the shape of letters or the sound of a word, produces memory traces that fade quickly and remain vulnerable to interference. Elaborative processing, by contrast, requires connecting new information to existing knowledge, generating meaningful associations, and analyzing semantic content, thereby producing traces that are considerably more durable. (B) Consequently, a student who merely repeats a definition aloud without considering its implications is less likely to retain it than one who relates the concept to a personal example. This distinction reshaped educational practice, encouraging teachers to design tasks that demand comprehension rather than mechanical repetition, since durable memory depends on the depth, not the frequency, of cognitive engagement. (C) According to their framework, what matters most is not how many times a person rehearses material but how deeply that material is processed during encoding.

That small imperfection, more than anything, was proof of how much I had actually learned that day. For my birthday, my older sister took me to a small pottery studio where visitors can shape their own bowl or cup on a spinning wheel. ( ① ) I expected the wheel to do most of the difficult work automatically, since it was already spinning quickly by the time I sat down. ( ② ) My first attempt collapsed into a shapeless lump within seconds, because I had not realized how much steady, centered pressure the clay actually requires before it can be shaped at all. ( ③ ) The instructor explained that beginners almost always press too hard on one side, which throws the entire piece off balance no matter how fast or slow the wheel spins. ( ④ ) After nearly a dozen failed attempts, I finally produced a lopsided but recognizable cup, and the small imperfection along its rim somehow made me prouder of it than a perfectly smooth, machine-made mug ever could have. ( ⑤ ) Clay, I learned that afternoon, rewards patience far more generously than it rewards force.

주어진 문장: Because this competition can occur in either temporal direction, learners cannot avoid it simply by focusing on new material, which is precisely why deliberately spacing out study sessions matters so much. Memory researchers have long recognized that learning is not simply a matter of accumulating information without cost. Newly acquired material can collide with what the mind already holds, producing measurable disruptions in recall. ( ① ) When earlier knowledge interferes with the retrieval of information learned afterward, psychologists call this proactive interference. This phenomenon explains why someone who memorized an old phone number for years may struggle to recall a new one. ( ② ) Conversely, when material learned later undermines the recollection of something acquired earlier, the process is labeled retroactive interference. This second mechanism explains why switching to a new keyboard layout can temporarily impair typing on a familiar one. ( ③ ) Both processes suggest that memories compete for the same limited retrieval pathways rather than resting in isolated compartments. ( ④ ) This insight carries real implications for how students approach studying multiple similar subjects. ( ⑤ ) Instead of cramming closely related material back to back, spacing out review sessions can reduce competition between overlapping traces. Varying study contexts further helps preserve accuracy for both old and new information alike.