영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Students often groan when a classic novel appears on their reading list, ①complains that the language feels old-fashioned and the plot moves too slowly. It is true that classic literature can be harder to read than a modern bestseller ②written in casual, everyday language. Yet this very difficulty is part of why classics remain valuable for young readers today. Working through unfamiliar sentence patterns and vocabulary trains the brain ③to handle complex texts, a skill that transfers directly to other subjects and to standardized tests. Beyond language training, classic novels also explore themes such as jealousy, ambition, and loss that ④have not changed much across centuries. Readers often discover that a character written hundreds of years ago struggles with feelings that still ⑤feel familiar today.

Anyone who has tried to name the ink color of a word like red printed ① in blue letters knows how surprisingly difficult the task can feel. This everyday struggle, known as the Stroop effect, deserves ② more attention than casual curiosity grants it, because it reveals something fundamental about how the mind allocates its limited resources. Reading a familiar word is an automatic process practicing ③ so extensively since childhood that it proceeds almost involuntarily, whereas naming a color requires deliberate, controlled attention. When these two processes point toward conflicting answers, the automatic pathway tends to intrude upon the controlled one, slowing ④ responses and increasing errors. Educators should not dismiss this delay as a trivial curiosity confined to laboratories, since the same competition between habit and intention underlies far more consequential situations, such as a driver's struggle to resist checking a phone despite knowing the danger. Recognizing how automatic responses can hijack conscious intentions is essential for designing ⑤ environments, from classrooms to highways, that support rather than undermine our efforts at self-control.

When workers receive a five percent raise in a year when prices have climbed five percent as well, their real purchasing power has not changed at all, yet many still report feeling ①noticeably better off. This tendency to judge economic well-being by ②nominal figures printed on a paycheck, rather than by what that money can actually purchase, is known among economists as money illusion. Employers exploit this pattern by favoring modest nominal raises over deeper structural adjustments, since a visible increase on a payslip ③disappoints employees more effectively than an explanation about inflation could. The illusion persists even among people who claim to understand inflation well, which suggests that the bias operates at an ④intuitive level that formal knowledge does not easily override. Some economists argue that policymakers should exploit this illusion strategically, since workers resist nominal wage cuts far more ⑤fiercely than they resist the equivalent erosion of real wages.

Cities are frequently several degrees ①cooler than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, which intensifies in summer and threatens public health. This disparity arises largely because asphalt and concrete absorb solar radiation during the day and slowly release it as heat throughout the night, preventing urban areas from cooling down. Furthermore, the ②scarcity of vegetation in densely built areas removes a natural cooling mechanism, since plants lower temperatures by evaporating water from their leaves. One widely used solution involves reflective "cool" roofing engineered to ③reflect more sunlight than dark rooftops absorb. In contrast, some cities have pursued permeable pavements that let water seep through and evaporate, ④cooling nearby surfaces. Collectively, these strategies show that reducing urban heat depends on ⑤combining approaches suited to a city's geography.

Insomnia is rarely caused by a single factor; it usually emerges from an interaction between psychological stress and physiological arousal that keeps the body from settling into sleep. A common trigger is what researchers call cognitive hyperarousal, in which _______________. At the same time, the body's stress response system can become chronically activated, releasing hormones such as cortisol that keep heart rate and body temperature elevated at night, both of which interfere with the natural drop in arousal needed to fall asleep. Poor sleep habits, including irregular bedtimes and excessive screen use before bed, can further weaken the body's internal signals for sleep onset. Because these psychological and physiological factors reinforce one another, effective treatment for chronic insomnia addresses both the racing mind and the underlying pattern of physical tension, rather than relying on medication alone.

Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results. Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, so that _______________. For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result.

Before you head to the gym for the dance performance, keep a few viewing tips in mind. (A) Also, save your applause until the very end of each act so performers are not interrupted. (B) First, check the printed schedule near the entrance to confirm the exact start time. (C) Next, choose a seat near the aisle if you think you might need to leave early.

주어진 문장: This buying and selling of allowances effectively creates a market price for carbon, one that fluctuates according to how difficult reduction proves across different industries. Emissions trading, a market-based mechanism for curbing greenhouse gases, allows governments to set an overall limit on carbon output while letting firms trade permits within that limit. ① Under this system, known as cap-and-trade, companies that cut emissions more cheaply than required can sell surplus allowances to firms facing higher reduction costs. ② Proponents argue that this flexibility lets society reach a given environmental target at the lowest overall cost, since abatement shifts toward whoever can achieve it most economically. ③ Critics, however, contend that trading schemes frequently allocate too many permits, a flaw that has historically depressed carbon prices and blunted incentives to invest in cleaner technology. ④ For example, early phases of several regional markets granted allowances so generously that permit prices collapsed, leaving polluters with little pressure to change their practices. ⑤ Consequently, many economists now advocate combining trading with a price floor, a minimum permit price that keeps the market from collapsing during weak demand, thereby preserving the cost-effectiveness for which trading is valued. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤

Getting the structure right at this early stage, she said, matters more than any single beautifully drawn panel. When I finally got the chance to interview a professional webtoon artist for our school newspaper, I expected her to describe drawing as the hardest part of her job. ( ① ) Instead, she told me that writing the story comes first, often taking longer than the artwork itself. ( ② ) She sketches rough thumbnails for an entire chapter before touching a single detailed panel, testing whether the pacing keeps readers scrolling instead of losing interest halfway through. ( ③ ) She also reads every comment section carefully, not to copy what fans suggest, but to understand which moments made readers feel something real. ( ④ ) What surprised me most was learning that a single weekly episode, which takes only a few minutes to read, usually takes her nearly forty hours to complete from script to finished color. ( ⑤ ) Her honesty made me realize that the smooth, effortless feeling of a good webtoon is actually the product of countless invisible decisions.

주어진 문장: This vulnerability explains why crucial instructions embedded in the middle of a lengthy list are so often overlooked or misremembered. Anyone designing a presentation, a curriculum, or a grocery list should attend to a well-documented pattern in human memory known as the serial position effect. When people are asked to recall items from a list right after studying it, they consistently remember the items presented at the beginning and end far better than those buried in the middle. ( ① ) The advantage for early items, called the primacy effect, arises because those items receive more rehearsal and are more likely to be transferred into long-term storage before subsequent items compete for attention. ( ② ) The advantage for final items, known as the recency effect, occurs because those items remain accessible in short-term memory at the moment of recall. ( ③ ) Middle items suffer because they must compete for limited rehearsal opportunities while lacking the stability afforded by extended processing. ( ④ ) Communicators who ignore this pattern risk burying their most important point where it will predictably be forgotten. ( ⑤ ) A more effective strategy, therefore, places the crucial message at the beginning or end, precisely where memory proves most reliable.