영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

City governments increasingly market dense networks of surveillance cameras as a straightforward safety upgrade, ①promising faster emergency response and lower crime rates. In many cases, the technology delivers exactly what it promises, ②helping investigators identify suspects within hours rather than weeks. Yet the same infrastructure that catches criminals also creates a permanent record of where ordinary, law-abiding citizens ③go about their daily lives. Once a camera network exists, its purpose can quietly expand, often without new public debate or explicit approval. Civil liberties groups argue that a city should decide how much surveillance it wants before the cameras go up, not years afterward when the infrastructure ④is already impossible removing. Convenience installed today, in other words, can quietly ⑤become control tomorrow.

Standard economic theory assumes that money is fungible, meaning that a dollar earned as salary is functionally ①identical to a dollar received as a tax refund or won in a lottery. In practice, however, people routinely sort their finances into separate mental accounts, treating money differently depending on its source or intended purpose. A household that would never dip into its retirement savings to pay for a vacation might nonetheless spend an unexpected bonus on that very trip without ②hesitation, even though both sums are, in strictly financial terms, equally available for either purpose. This ③compartmentalization can produce decisions that appear ④consistent when viewed through a purely rational lens: the same individual who diligently saves a portion of every paycheck may simultaneously carry high-interest credit card debt, effectively paying more to borrow than they earn on their savings. Mental accounting is not always harmful, however; by assigning specific categories to specific funds, individuals can also impose useful ⑤discipline on their spending, preventing money earmarked for essential needs from being diverted toward impulsive purchases.

Many teenagers check their social media accounts dozens of times a day, worried that they might miss something ①important happening among their friends. This anxiety, known as FOMO, or the fear of missing out, arises when people believe that others are enjoying experiences from which they themselves are excluded. For example, a student scrolling through photos of a party she was not invited to may suddenly feel a wave of ②loneliness and regret, even though the event has already ended. Constantly refreshing feeds to avoid missing such updates, however, makes it difficult to concentrate on schoolwork or conversations happening in the present moment. Moreover, this endless comparison with curated highlights of other people's lives tends to ③deepen feelings of anxiety rather than ④worsen them. Therefore, students should learn to ⑤limit their social media use and focus more attention on the relationships and activities directly in front of them.

Most students only see the final result, a few ①smooth minutes each morning. Behind that short program, however, broadcasting club members follow a ②relaxed daily routine. Members arrive at school thirty minutes earlier than other students to prepare the studio. They check the microphones, the cameras, and the lighting before anyone else arrives. Meanwhile, the script team ③finalizes the news script that was written the night before. Once everything is ready, the anchors ④practice their lines one last time. At exactly eight o'clock, the red light turns on, and the live broadcast begins. During class hours, however, most members return to their regular classroom lessons like everyone else. After school, the club meets again to ⑤review that morning's recording and discuss any mistakes. Through this daily routine, members slowly learn skills such as teamwork and quick thinking under pressure.

Last spring, Minji joined a new club at her school called the Green Runners. Every Saturday morning, the members jog around the neighborhood park while picking up trash. This activity, called plogging, combines jogging with cleaning up litter from the streets. At first, Minji felt ①embarrassed to pick up garbage in front of other people. However, she soon realized that her small actions were making the park ②cleaner and healthier. For example, the group collected more than twenty bags of trash during their first month together. Picking up litter while running is like turning an ordinary workout into a meaningful mission. Minji's legs grew ③tired, but her heart felt ④proud after every session. Now, she encourages her friends, who used to tease her, to join the club as well. Minji believes that small habits, practiced together, can ⑤destroy a whole community.

Food poisoning cases increase sharply during the hot summer months because ___________. To protect yourself, wash your hands before preparing food, cook meat and eggs thoroughly, and keep perishable food in the refrigerator rather than leaving it out at room temperature.

Hyperbolic discounting has direct implications for how retirement savings programs ought to be designed. (A) If employees are asked at the moment of hiring whether they wish to increase their contribution rate at a specific point in the future, many agree readily, since the sacrifice feels distant and therefore painless. (B) When that future date eventually arrives, however, the automatic increase proceeds smoothly precisely because the decision was locked in before the immediate discomfort of a smaller paycheck became salient. (C) This design, sometimes described as committing one's future self in advance, effectively exploits the very inconsistency that hyperbolic discounting predicts, turning a psychological weakness into a practical advantage.

Consider a large heap containing ten thousand grains of sand. (A) Something has clearly gone wrong along the way, since no reasonable person would call one grain of sand a heap, but pinpointing exactly which single removal transformed a heap into a non-heap seems impossible. (B) Nearly everyone agrees that removing a single grain from such a heap leaves another heap behind, since surely one grain could never make the difference between a heap and a non-heap. (C) Yet if this principle is applied repeatedly, grain by grain, the heap eventually shrinks to a single lonely grain, or even to no grains at all, and logic alone seems to force us to accept that this final result still counts as a heap.

주어진 문장: Because people naturally trust those with specialized knowledge, this technique can be remarkably persuasive. Advertisements often rely on subtle psychological techniques that persuade viewers without their conscious awareness. ( ① ) One common method, known as social proof, shows images of many people using or enjoying a product, suggesting that its popularity guarantees quality. ( ② ) Another technique appeals to authority, featuring experts or professionals endorsing a product to make it seem more credible and trustworthy. ( ③ ) Emotional appeals are equally common, connecting products with feelings such as happiness, nostalgia, or belonging rather than focusing on practical features. ( ④ ) Repetition also plays a significant role, since seeing the same advertisement multiple times increases familiarity, which people often mistake for reliability. ( ⑤ ) Researchers studying consumer behavior have found that viewers who understand these techniques are less easily influenced by them.

This admission, however, is precisely what the sunk cost fallacy makes so difficult to accept. Consider a construction firm that has spent several years and a substantial budget building a bridge, only to discover partway through that a cheaper and safer alternative route has since become available. ( ① ) A purely forward-looking analysis would compare the remaining cost of finishing the original bridge against the total cost of switching to the new route, ignoring whatever has already been spent. ( ② ) If the new route is genuinely cheaper going forward, the rational choice is to abandon the original project regardless of how much money it has already consumed. ( ③ ) Abandoning the project, however, requires the firm's leadership to publicly acknowledge that a significant portion of the original investment produced no lasting value. ( ④ ) As a result, firms often continue projects long after the numbers clearly favor stopping, simply to avoid confronting this uncomfortable truth. ( ⑤ ) The bridge, in such cases, becomes less a matter of engineering than a monument to the difficulty of admitting a costly mistake.