영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

문제 1

A cluster of neurons smaller than a pea can now spontaneously ① organizing itself into layered structures that mimic, in miniature, the architecture of a developing human brain. Grown from stem cells coaxed to follow the same developmental cues that guide an embryo, these brain organoids have begun ② firing electrical signals in patterns that faintly resemble the activity recorded in an infant's brain. For researchers studying disorders such as autism or schizophrenia, this offers something long unavailable: a living model of human brain development that can be ③ observed and manipulated directly, without ever touching an actual patient. Because organoids lack sensory organs, a body, or any connection to the outside world, most neuroscientists argue that the structures cannot generate anything ④ resembling subjective experience, however brain-like their electrical activity may appear. Even so, the pace at which these organoids are growing more complex has convinced some ethicists that the field would benefit from ⑤ establishing clear boundaries now, before the science outruns the conversation about what it means.

문제 2

Modern consumer culture often assumes that expanding the range of available options ① will automatically makes people freer and happier, yet a growing body of research suggests the opposite may sometimes be true. When individuals select from an enormous set of alternatives, satisfaction with the final choice frequently declines rather than rises, even when the chosen item ② is objectively excellent. This decline stems not from the difficulty of deciding but from what happens afterward, once a decision ③ has already been made. Having considered so many possibilities, a person naturally imagines the specific advantages that a different, unchosen option ④ might have offered, and this imagined comparison quietly erodes contentment with what was actually selected. The paradox, therefore, is that abundance can free people from external constraint while simultaneously ⑤ trapping them in a private cycle of comparison and regret.

문제 3

A loud, jarring alert sound interrupting a phone's normal notifications usually means one thing: a government agency has issued an emergency text to everyone in a specific area, ① warning of anything from a flash flood to a missing child. Some residents complain that the alerts arrive too frequently or for events that feel minor, leading a small number of people to ② silence the notifications altogether. Safety officials warn that this response ③ fulfills the entire purpose of the system, since a person who mutes every alert for convenience will also miss the one message that truly demands immediate action. Unlike a weather app that must be checked ④ voluntarily, an emergency alert pushes urgent information ⑤ directly to a person's pocket.

문제 4

Walking down a crowded street while staring at a phone screen has become such a common sight that it barely draws attention anymore, even though the habit turns a pedestrian into one of the ① most alert people on the sidewalk. Researchers who study attention describe this as a kind of tunnel vision: a person absorbed in a text message or a video processes only a ② narrow slice of the surrounding environment, filtering out approaching cars, uneven pavement, and other pedestrians almost entirely. What makes this danger especially difficult to address is that pedestrians ③ rarely recognize the risk in the moment; unlike distracted driving, which is widely ④ condemned, glancing at a phone while crossing the street still feels like a ⑤ harmless habit to most people who do it every day.

문제 5

Before a large-scale construction project such as a highway or dam receives government approval, planners in many countries are required to conduct an environmental impact assessment, a formal process designed to ①predict and evaluate the ecological consequences of a proposed development. This process begins with a baseline survey, in which specialists document ②existing conditions, including wildlife, water quality, and air composition, so that future changes can be measured against a reference point. Analysts then model how the project might alter these conditions, drawing on data from ③comparable developments. For instance, a proposed highway that would bisect a forest might be evaluated for its potential to fragment habitats, disrupting migration routes on which certain species depend. If the assessment identifies ④acceptable risks, planners may be required to redesign the project or adopt mitigation measures such as wildlife corridors. Critics contend, however, that assessments are sometimes treated as a bureaucratic formality rather than a ⑤genuine constraint, since developers who commission the studies retain strong influence over how the findings are interpreted.

문제 6

When an image-generating program produced a strikingly detailed painting in the exact style of a well-known illustrator within seconds, my art club spent an entire meeting arguing about what it actually meant for artists. (A) Others worried that the program had been trained on thousands of real illustrations scraped from the internet without the original artists' permission, meaning the tool's impressive results were quietly built on other people's uncredited labor. (B) Some members felt excited, imagining the software as a helpful tool that could speed up brainstorming or generate quick backgrounds for their comics. (C) A few pointed out that the final image, however skillful it looked, reflected no personal memory, struggle, or intention, only patterns learned from existing pictures, and the debate never reached a clear conclusion.

문제 7

When people evaluate their personal contribution to water scarcity, they often consider only the water that flows directly from household taps, overlooking a far larger quantity consumed indirectly through the goods they purchase. (A) The water footprint, a concept that extends this narrow view, measures the total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services an individual or a nation consumes. Central to this concept is the notion of virtual water, the water embedded invisibly within a product, from irrigating cotton fields to livestock raised for meat. (B) Critics caution, however, that focusing exclusively on aggregate volume can mislead policymakers, since a liter of water drawn from a region suffering drought carries far greater consequences than one drawn from a water-abundant area. (C) For instance, producing a kilogram of beef can require several thousand liters of water, whereas a kilogram of vegetables typically demands a fraction of that amount. Nations that import water-intensive goods rather than producing them domestically are importing virtual water from regions that may face severe shortages.

문제 8

This sudden and violent stop is precisely what causes so many of the most severe injuries in a crash. Seatbelts are so woven into the experience of riding in a car that many passengers buckle them without thinking, yet a surprising number of teenagers still skip them for short trips, assuming that a five-minute drive to a friend's house does not carry much risk. ( ① ) Traffic safety data tell a different story: most fatal crashes occur within a few kilometers of home, on roads drivers know so well that they let their guard down. ( ② ) In a collision, a body traveling at a moderate speed continues moving forward at that same speed until something stops it, and without a seatbelt, that something is often the windshield or the dashboard rather than a slower deceleration. ( ③ ) A seatbelt spreads the force of a sudden stop across the stronger parts of the body, such as the hips and chest, instead of concentrating it on the head and neck. ( ④ ) Despite decades of public awareness campaigns, seatbelt use for backseat passengers remains lower than for those sitting in the front. ( ⑤ )

문제 9

In fact, choosing the right books for the right students takes far more thought than most people realize. Many students imagine a librarian simply sitting behind a desk and stamping books. ( ① ) Ms. Han, who has worked at a school library for over ten years, says that image is far from accurate. ( ② ) A large part of her job involves choosing which new books to buy, based on both student requests and current trends in youth literature. ( ③ ) She also spends hours training students to search databases and judge whether an online source is trustworthy, a skill she considers just as important as reading itself. ( ④ ) According to Ms. Han, the most rewarding moment is not organizing shelves but watching a student who once avoided reading finally ask for a second book in the same series. ( ⑤ ) She admits that budgets are often tight and that new technology keeps changing how libraries operate. Still, she insists that the core purpose of her job has never changed: connecting each reader with the right book at the right time.

문제 10

This is because waiting for paramedics to arrive can cost a student the few minutes that make the difference between recovery and tragedy. A food allergy can turn an ordinary snack shared between classmates into a medical emergency within minutes, which is why schools now take ingredient labels more seriously than they once did. ( ① ) For someone with a severe allergy, even a trace amount of the wrong ingredient, transferred by a shared spoon or an unwashed hand, can trigger a reaction that closes the airway and becomes life-threatening if untreated. ( ② ) Friends of allergic students sometimes assume that a small bite would not cause serious harm, not realizing that the amount needed to trigger anaphylaxis can be smaller than a crumb. ( ③ ) Recognizing the early signs, such as swelling around the lips, hives, or sudden difficulty breathing, allows classmates and teachers to act before the reaction becomes severe. ( ④ ) Many schools now train staff to use an epinephrine auto-injector, a device that can reverse a dangerous reaction within seconds. ( ⑤ )