영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Sociologist Karl Mannheim argued that individuals ① who come of age during the same historical period tend to share a distinctive outlook shaped by the events, technologies, and crises that defined their formative years, a phenomenon he called a generational unit. Because each generation absorbs its foundational assumptions during adolescence and early adulthood, when identity ② are still forming, later generations raised amid different circumstances often ③ develop noticeably different values regarding work, authority, and communication, even within the same family. This divergence produces what is commonly called a generational gap, most visible when older members of a household ④ interpret a younger relative's habits as a rejection of tradition rather than a rational adaptation to a genuinely different social environment. Mannheim cautioned against viewing either generation as simply right or wrong, insisting instead that each generation's worldview ⑤ reflects a coherent response to the particular historical conditions it encountered.

As governments and companies work to address climate change, a new category of employment ①known as green jobs has expanded rapidly. These positions include solar panel installers, wind turbine technicians, and specialists who design energy-efficient buildings. Countries that have invested heavily in renewable energy have seen employment in this sector ②grown far faster than in the economy overall. Young workers, in particular, are drawn to green careers because they ③offer a sense of purpose alongside financial stability. Critics point out that transitioning workers from fossil fuel industries to green jobs is not always simple, ④since the required skills can differ significantly. Governments are therefore introducing training programs designed ⑤to help such workers shift smoothly into renewable energy careers.

For much of its history, economic theory treated emotion as a distortion to be eliminated from otherwise rational calculation, an obstacle standing between decision-makers and their true self-interest. More recent research, however, suggests that emotion functions not merely as noise but as an ①integral component of sound judgment, one that supplies information conventional reasoning alone cannot readily access. Individuals who, due to specific neurological conditions, lose the capacity to experience emotion while retaining otherwise normal cognitive abilities frequently struggle to make even simple decisions, spending ②excessive time weighing options that most people resolve almost instantly through a felt sense of what seems right. This observation suggests that emotional responses often function as rapid heuristics, allowing individuals to ③bypass exhaustive deliberation by relying on accumulated affective associations built from past experience. At the same time, acute emotional states, particularly fear and excitement, can distort judgment in predictable directions: fear tends to make individuals more risk-averse than their circumstances objectively warrant, while excitement can ④inflate optimism about outcomes that remain, in reality, highly uncertain. Financial regulators have begun incorporating this understanding into policy design, recognizing that decisions made under conditions of acute emotional arousal often depart substantially from the measured judgment that individuals would exhibit under ⑤turbulent circumstances.

The subscription economy refers to a business model in which consumers pay a recurring fee to access goods or services rather than owning them outright. This model has expanded ①slowly beyond entertainment platforms into areas such as clothing, food, and even transportation. Companies benefit from predictable revenue, which allows them to plan production and marketing more ②efficiently than with one-time sales. For example, a monthly clothing subscription delivers new outfits ③automatically, saving customers the time and effort of shopping in stores. However, some critics argue that subscriptions encourage people to pay for services they ④barely use. Consequently, experts recommend reviewing subscription lists ⑤regularly to avoid unnecessary expenses.

Summer vacation is a great time to go camping with family or friends. However, a safe and enjoyable trip requires ___________. You should pack enough water and snacks, bring sunscreen and insect repellent, prepare a small first aid kit, and check the weather forecast before choosing a safe campsite.

The discovery of CRISPR gene-editing technology gave scientists a tool precise enough to correct a single mistaken letter in the human genome. Yet editing a gene in a sperm, egg, or early embryo does not simply change one patient; it alters the genetic code passed down to every future generation. Scientific organizations around the world have therefore drawn a careful line, permitting gene editing to treat disease in existing patients while banning any edit that would be inherited by their descendants. Critics worry, however, that _______________.

Storing summer fruit properly can help you avoid waste and enjoy fresher flavors. (A) Berries, however, should not be washed until just before eating, because moisture encourages mold to grow. (B) Watermelon and melon should be kept in the refrigerator once they are cut, since warm air speeds up spoiling. (C) Bananas, unlike most fruit, are best kept on the counter rather than in the refrigerator.

주어진 문장: Yet this same tendency also carries a hidden drawback. Sociologists use the term homophily to describe the tendency of people to form connections with others who share similar backgrounds, opinions, or interests. ( ① ) This principle explains why classmates from the same major often become close friends, while coworkers with shared hobbies naturally gravitate toward one another. ( ② ) Because similarity reduces the effort required to understand another person's perspective, relationships built on shared traits tend to feel comfortable and require less negotiation. ( ③ ) However, this same comfort can narrow the range of viewpoints someone encounters, since surrounding oneself with similar people limits exposure to different ideas. ( ④ ) Social media platforms intensify this pattern through recommendation algorithms that suggest new friends based on shared interests or similar browsing history. ( ⑤ ) As a result, users often find their online circles becoming increasingly homogeneous, filled with people who think and behave much like themselves.

Yet this reluctance to accept a small certain loss often leads to a much larger loss later, when the declining trend continues unabated. Loss aversion strongly influences how investors manage their portfolios during periods of market decline. ( ① ) When the value of a stock begins to fall, many investors postpone selling, hoping that the price will rebound to its original level. ( ② ) This tendency is closely tied to the psychological discomfort of converting an unrealized loss into a realized one, since selling forces the investor to formally acknowledge the loss. ( ③ ) Research on trading behavior consistently shows that investors hold declining stocks for longer periods than rising ones, a pattern that runs counter to the basic principle of cutting losses early. ( ④ ) Financial advisors therefore encourage clients to set predetermined selling thresholds in advance, before emotional attachment to a particular price can distort their judgment. ( ⑤ ) By committing to a rule beforehand, investors can partially neutralize the emotional bias that loss aversion introduces into decision-making.

주어진 문장: Without such improvements, even the most generous rewards program cannot compensate for a disappointing product. Building brand loyalty has traditionally been considered one of the most valuable goals in marketing, since loyal customers tend to spend more and recommend products to others. ( ① ) Companies invest significant resources in loyalty programs, offering points, discounts, and exclusive access to encourage repeat purchases. ( ② ) However, some critics argue that these programs manipulate consumers into staying with a brand out of habit rather than genuine satisfaction. ( ③ ) Genuine loyalty, they contend, should be earned through consistent quality and honest treatment of customers. ( ④ ) Furthermore, excessive focus on retaining existing customers can cause companies to neglect innovation, since they assume loyal buyers will continue purchasing regardless of improvements. ( ⑤ ) As markets become more competitive, relying solely on loyalty programs without addressing underlying product quality may ultimately backfire.