영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

As buildings account for a substantial share of global energy consumption, architects have increasingly turned to a design philosophy ①known as the passive house standard, which minimizes energy demand through the building's own structure rather than through mechanical systems. Central to this approach is airtight construction, in which continuous insulation and sealed joints ②prevents conditioned air from leaking outward, thereby reducing the heating and cooling loads conventional buildings require. Triple-glazed windows, ③oriented to capture sunlight in winter while shading interiors in summer, further stabilize indoor temperatures without relying heavily on furnaces or air conditioners. Ventilation systems ④equipped with heat exchangers also recover warmth from outgoing air, ⑤transferring it to incoming air so that comfort is maintained without excessive energy use. For example, some passive houses built in cold climates have reduced heating costs by more than ninety percent. Consequently, many architects regard passive house design not as a luxury for wealthy homeowners but as a practical model capable of reshaping mainstream construction.

Our school's book club, Page Turners, meets every Wednesday to discuss a book the members ①chose. At the start of each month, students suggest titles and vote to pick one. This way, everyone feels some ownership over what the club reads next. Before each meeting, members read several chapters and ②prepare a few questions. During the meeting, the leader opens discussion by ③asking a question about the story's main idea. Then members take turns ④sharing their opinions, even when they disagree with each other. For example, students once argued for a long time about a character's difficult choice. Such debates, though sometimes loud, help members understand different points of view. At the end of the semester, the club holds an event ⑤recommending favorite books.

Working memory refers to the mental workspace in which information ①is temporarily held and manipulated while a person performs a cognitive task. Such tasks include solving an arithmetic problem, following a rapid conversation, or holding a phone number in mind before dialing it. In the mid-twentieth century, the psychologist George Miller proposed that this workspace could accommodate roughly seven discrete items. His claim proved so influential that it ②become widely known as the magic number seven. Subsequent research, however, revealed that Miller's estimate was somewhat generous, since it failed to account for the complexity of the material ③being remembered. Nelson Cowan later argued that when rehearsal strategies ④are prevented and attention is tightly controlled, genuine capacity hovers closer to four items rather than seven. This discrepancy suggests that what earlier studies had measured was not raw storage capacity itself but a hybrid quantity ⑤inflated by clever strategies. Contemporary psychologists therefore distinguish between the fixed limit of working memory and the flexible techniques that allow individuals to transcend that limit.

Imagine standing at a crowded party where dozens of conversations blend into a wall of noise, yet you ①effortlessly track the words of the friend beside you. Curiously, if someone across the room utters your name, your attention snaps toward that voice almost ②instantly. This happens even though you had not consciously been listening to that conversation at all. This phenomenon, known as the cocktail party effect, reveals that selective attention does not simply block out every unattended sound. Early theorists such as Donald Broadbent proposed that unattended information is ③filtered out entirely before reaching awareness. Yet the fact that a person's own name can break through this filter ④contradicts such a rigid model. Anne Treisman later refined this account, suggesting that unattended channels are merely attenuated rather than eliminated altogether. Especially meaningful stimuli, including one's own name, can still surpass the threshold of conscious recognition. This refinement suggests that attention operates less like a gate and more like a dimmer switch, ⑤ignoring the salience of competing streams of information.

Sorting your trash correctly is one of the simplest habits that protect our environment. (A) For example, plastic bottles should be rinsed and have their caps removed before being thrown away. Paper soaked with food or oil, however, cannot be recycled and must go into general waste. (B) Likewise, mixing recyclables with ordinary trash makes the whole recycling process complicated. Many students believe that sorting trash takes too much time, but it actually requires only a few extra seconds. Therefore, learning these basic rules now helps you build a habit that benefits your entire community. (C) When you separate paper, plastic, glass, and cans, recycling centers can process each material more efficiently. Sorting garbage is similar to organizing a closet, where each type of clothing has its own shelf. If items are mixed together carelessly, finding what you need later becomes difficult.

Many students confuse the student council with school clubs. In fact, the two groups serve very different purposes. (A) Therefore, joining the council usually requires an election, whereas joining a club simply requires genuine interest. Some students eventually do both, using the council to build leadership skills and a club to develop a personal passion. (B) The student council is an official body that represents the whole school. It manages shared issues such as rules, events, and communication with teachers. For example, council members often organize the school festival and collect opinions from each class before making decisions. (C) A club, in contrast, is a small group formed around one shared interest, such as music or art. While the council must consider the needs of every student, a club can focus narrowly on what its own members enjoy.

주어진 문장: In contrast, turning off the tap during that time saves a surprising amount of water each day. Water looks endless when it flows from the tap every morning. ① However, clean water is actually a limited resource that we must protect carefully. Many families waste water without even noticing it in their daily routine. For example, leaving the tap running while brushing your teeth can waste several liters of water. ② Taking a shorter shower is another easy habit that reduces water use significantly. ③ Fixing a leaking faucet, which many people ignore, can also save hundreds of liters every month. ④ Saving water is like keeping money in a savings account for the future. Therefore, small changes in our daily habits, practiced by every family, can protect this precious resource. ⑤ Everyone who cares about the environment should start saving water today.

Because the airway narrows gradually rather than closing all at once, the severity of each episode can vary widely. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and restarts during sleep, often because the muscles at the back of the throat relax too much and block the airway. ( ① ) Each pause can last from a few seconds to over a minute, and it may occur dozens of times in a single night without the sleeper ever waking up fully. ( ② ) Because these interruptions rarely produce a clear memory the next morning, many people remain unaware that anything is wrong, even as chronic fatigue, headaches, and irritability build up over months. ( ③ ) Doctors therefore rely less on a patient's own account of the night and more on objective measurements, such as overnight oxygen levels and airflow patterns recorded in a sleep laboratory. ( ④ ) Left untreated, the disorder has been linked to serious long-term risks, including high blood pressure and heart disease, which makes an accurate diagnosis far more urgent than its subtle nighttime symptoms might suggest. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This curvature reflects a broader principle: sensitivity to change diminishes as the underlying quantity grows, whether that quantity represents a gain or a loss. Prospect theory proposes that the subjective value of money is not a straight line but a curved function, differing sharply from the assumptions of classical economic models. ( ① ) In the domain of gains, the function bends downward as amounts increase, so the psychological difference between earning zero and one hundred dollars feels far greater than between earning one thousand and eleven hundred. ( ② ) A parallel pattern appears among losses, where the curve bends in the opposite direction, yet sensitivity still fades as the amount grows larger. ( ③ ) This tendency, known as diminishing sensitivity, explains why a shopper barely notices a ten dollar increase on a two thousand dollar purchase, though the same ten dollars would matter enormously as the price of a meal. ( ④ ) Researchers illustrate this curvature with graphs shaped like an S turned sideways, sloping gently near the center and flattening toward both extremes. ( ⑤ ) Understanding this curvature allows economists to predict decisions that a simple, linear model of value could never anticipate.

주어진 문장: This single mistake meant that workers had to sort the entire pile again by hand. Last Saturday, Jimin visited the recycling center near her apartment with her science class. ① She had expected the place to be dirty and unpleasant, but the center looked clean and well organized. ② A worker named Mr. Park guided the students through each area, explaining how bottles, cans, and paper were sorted. He showed them a machine that crushed plastic bottles into small pieces before they were sent to factories. ③ Jimin was surprised to learn that mixed trash, thrown into the wrong bin, often ruined an entire batch of recyclables. For example, one greasy pizza box could contaminate a whole pile of clean paper. ④ However, when items were sorted correctly, they could be reused many times, almost like ingredients in a favorite recipe. Walking home, Jimin realized that her small effort at home truly mattered. ⑤ She decided to sort her family's trash more carefully.