영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When Mina was a freshman, she often ①spent her allowance within a few days. Her older cousin told her about the marshmallow experiment, a famous study ②in which children could eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for two. Researchers found that children who waited longer ③shown better academic performance and self-control years later. Inspired by the study, Mina began ④saving half of her allowance each week instead of spending it all on snacks. After three months, however, she had saved enough to buy a bicycle she had ⑤wanted for over a year.

Extended producer responsibility, a policy ①requiring manufacturers to bear responsibility for their products even after use, has been adopted by governments seeking to reduce landfill waste. Under such schemes, companies must finance the collection and recycling of goods once consumers ②discard them, rather than leaving municipalities to absorb the cost. Advocates maintain that shifting this burden onto producers creates a powerful incentive to design products that are more durable, easily ③disassembled, and readily recyclable from the outset. Critics counter that the policy, whatever its theoretical merits, often fails to reduce waste meaningfully unless ④paired with rigorous enforcement and transparent reporting requirements. For instance, some manufacturers merely pass the added cost of compliance on to consumers, without making substantive changes to how products are designed. In contrast, jurisdictions that combine producer responsibility with strict eco-design standards and independent audits tend to witness genuine improvements in recyclability. Therefore, policymakers hoping to harness this approach must resist treating it as self-executing and instead invest in oversight that ⑤determine whether producers actually change behavior.

Psychologists have ① long wondered whether reading fiction can change how people treat others in real life. Several studies suggest that novels which describe a character's inner thoughts in detail can train readers to imagine what other people are feeling, a skill closely related to ② indifference. When readers follow a character through difficult choices, they practice stepping into someone else's perspective without any real ③ risk to themselves. This kind of mental practice, researchers argue, can carry over into everyday situations, making readers more likely to notice a classmate's hidden ④ sadness or understand a stranger's unusual behavior. For this reason, some psychologists now recommend that young readers balance fast-paced adventure novels with quieter stories about ordinary people and their ⑤ feelings.

For much of the twentieth century, memory researchers assumed that once a memory had been ①consolidated—transformed from a fragile, short-term trace into a stable, long-term representation—it remained essentially fixed, immune to further modification unless the underlying neural circuitry was physically damaged. This assumption, however, was ②overturned by a body of research demonstrating that the act of retrieval itself can ③stabilize a previously consolidated memory, rendering it temporarily susceptible to alteration before it is, in a sense, filed away again. During this narrow window, which typically lasts only a few hours, the memory can be ④strengthened, weakened, or even subtly distorted by new information encountered in the interim, after which it must undergo a second round of stabilization, a process now widely referred to as reconsolidation. Consequently, what we experience as a stable recollection may actually be a continuously ⑤revised construction, reshaped every time it is summoned into conscious awareness and returned to storage.

Many schools give students a list of recommended books at the start of each year. Choosing these books is not as simple as picking ① well-known titles. Teachers must think about a wide range of student interests, not just their own favorites. A good list should also include stories from ② different cultures and different kinds of characters, so that every student can find someone to relate to. Reading level matters too; a book that is too difficult can make a student ③ give up on reading altogether, while a book that is too easy may feel boring. Teachers often ask students for feedback after they finish a book, and they slowly update the list based on what students actually ④ ignored. In the end, the best recommended list is not fixed forever; it keeps changing to match the readers it is meant to ⑤ serve.

A smart thermostat that learns a family's daily rhythm can lower the temperature automatically before everyone wakes up cold, while smart lights that follow a resident's schedule no longer need to be switched on and off by hand. Sensors collect data about temperature, motion, and light throughout the home, and an algorithm gradually learns which settings match each household's actual habits. Yet convenience comes with a trade-off that many households overlook: _______________.

Audiobooks have grown rapidly in popularity over the past several years. Some traditional readers argue that listening to a book is not the same as truly reading it, because the listener does not process written words directly. However, researchers who study this question have found that comprehension scores for listeners and readers are usually very similar, as long as the material is not too complex. The biggest difference tends to appear with dense, technical material. For most everyday reading, however, _______________.

Many readers assume that once they finish a book, there is no reason to open it again. Yet teachers who study reading often disagree, arguing that a second reading can reveal details a first reading misses completely. During a first reading, most of a student's attention goes toward simply following the plot, wondering what will happen next. Once the ending is already known, _______________. Some students who reread their favorite novel report that it feels almost like reading a different book, because they now understand the characters' motives more deeply.

When consumers compare two products and assume that the one labeled "eco-friendly" is automatically the more sustainable choice, they often overlook the complexity involved in verifying such a claim. (A) Life cycle assessment, commonly abbreviated as LCA, is a systematic method developed to evaluate the environmental impact of a product across every stage of its existence. This method examines raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, use, and disposal, compiling data on energy consumption and emissions generated at each stage. (B) By tracing a product from its origin to its disposal, this approach reveals impacts that might otherwise remain hidden from consumers who see only the finished item on a shelf. For example, an electric vehicle may produce no emissions while being driven, yet the mining of metals for its battery can generate substantial environmental costs elsewhere. (C) Without accounting for these earlier stages, a superficial comparison could mistakenly present the vehicle as entirely emission-free. Therefore, researchers increasingly rely on life cycle assessment to make informed decisions rather than trusting labels alone.

Job seekers often assume that their closest friends will be the most helpful source of career advice. (A) In fact, studies show that a surprising number of job offers come through acquaintances met only briefly at conferences or previous workplaces. (B) However, close friends usually work in the same field or social circle, so their knowledge of new openings tends to overlap with what the job seeker already knows. (C) This is because such acquaintances belong to different professional circles, giving them access to information that never reaches close friends.