영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When sociologist Émile Durkheim studied suicide rates across different societies, he noticed something ① puzzling: rates rose not only during economic depression but also during sudden prosperity. He concluded that both crises share a common feature, the collapse of shared norms that once told individuals what to expect and how ② to behave. Durkheim called this state of normlessness anomie, arguing that rapid social change can strip away the moral guidelines ③ what regulate human desire, leaving individuals disoriented even when material conditions improve. Decades later, Robert Merton extended the concept to explain deviance within stable societies, ④ proposing that anomie also arises when a culture insists that everyone pursue identical goals. Faced with this gap between aspiration and opportunity, some individuals conform, but others turn to innovation, ritual, retreat, ⑤ or rebellion.

Many students wonder why club activities matter so much for their school life record, a document ①that summarizes what a student did during each semester. Whenever students take part in a club, their teacher writes a short note ②describing what role they played and how they grew. For example, a student ③who organized a club exhibition might be described as someone who showed strong leadership and creativity. These notes are not simply a list of activities; they explain the process behind each achievement. Therefore, admissions officers at universities read the record carefully ④understand a student's genuine interests, not just their grades. In contrast, a club membership with no real participation rarely leaves a meaningful impression. This is why teachers encourage students ⑤to take an active role rather than joining a club only for its name.

Every January, our school invites a graduate ①to share advice, and last week a former student named Minho visited our class. Three years ago, he was a shy sophomore ②who dreamed of becoming a science teacher but doubted his own grades. Instead of ③studying everything at once, he focused on one weak subject each month and asked his teachers for extra help. He also found a study partner ④shared the same goal, and they checked each other's progress every week. Today, Minho is studying to become a science teacher at university, ⑤proving that steady effort truly pays off.

Some critics ①dismiss this approach as impractical, arguing that most people cannot afford to prioritize ethics over affordability in daily life. However, supporters point out that value-based spending does not require constant ②sacrifice; it often means buying fewer, higher-quality items rather than accumulating cheap goods that wear out quickly. This shift also encourages companies to improve their practices, since consumer demand increasingly rewards ③transparency and responsibility. For example, a clothing brand that openly shares its supply chain information may attract ④disloyal customers willing to pay slightly more. Ultimately, value-based consumption suggests that spending money is not merely an economic act but also a ⑤reflection of personal values.

Sunny Beach Rentals is now open for the summer season, offering a wide range of water equipment at ①affordable daily rates. To rent equipment, visitors simply need to show identification and pay a small deposit, which is fully ②kept when the items are returned in good condition. Equipment is checked carefully before and after each use to ensure everything remains ③clean and safe. Renters are asked to return all items by six in the evening, since the shop closes shortly after ④sunset. Damaged equipment must be reported ⑤immediately so that it can be replaced quickly.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to ①underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an ②idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later prove far too ③optimistic once delays appear. One reason this bias persists is that people ④rarely review their history of missed deadlines, relying instead on hopeful imagination. By anchoring predictions to real outcomes, planners can produce estimates that are considerably more ⑤inaccurate.

Advertisers rely on a range of psychological strategies to shape how consumers perceive their products. (A) One especially common strategy involves showing large crowds of satisfied customers, implying that popularity equals quality. (B) These strategies work most effectively when viewers remain unaware that they are being persuaded at all. (C) For this reason, teaching people to recognize such techniques can reduce their persuasive power significantly.

주어진 문장: This term captured exactly what had happened in her own chat room months earlier. Soyeon joined an online study group chat where dozens of students planned a class project together every evening. ( ① ) When one member suggested skipping a required survey step to save time, several others quickly agreed, and no one raised any objections. ( ② ) Soyeon privately worried that skipping the survey might weaken their project, but seeing everyone else nodding along, she stayed silent rather than risk sounding difficult. ( ③ ) The group proceeded confidently, convinced their shortcut was harmless, until their teacher pointed out serious gaps once the project was submitted. ( ④ ) Afterward, Soyeon learned about groupthink, a concept introduced by psychologist Irving Janis, describing how tightly connected groups often suppress doubts in order to maintain harmony and reach quick agreement. ( ⑤ ) She realized that the chat's friendly, unified atmosphere had actually discouraged critical thinking, making poor decisions feel completely normal at the time.

For this reason, it is best to plan ahead and pick your favorite show first. This year's Club Festival will be held in the school gym and nearby classrooms next Friday. ( ① ) Visitors should first pick up a program map at the entrance to find each club's booth. Art and photography clubs will show their work in Classroom 201. Dance and music clubs will perform on the gym stage. ( ② ) Performances start every thirty minutes, so guests should arrive five minutes early. ( ③ ) Because seating is limited, latecomers may need to stand at the back. ( ④ ) Visitors may take photos, but please turn off the camera flash during performances. Food will be sold outside the gym, but drinks cannot be brought into the exhibition rooms. ( ⑤ ) If you have questions, staff members wearing yellow vests will be glad to help. We hope everyone enjoys discovering what our clubs have worked on this semester.

주어진 문장: In reality, however, that "original" price was sometimes never actually charged to any customer. Retailers frequently rely on sales events to boost short-term revenue, but the psychology behind these promotions is more complex than simple discounting. ( ① ) When a price is crossed out and replaced with a lower number, consumers instinctively perceive the new price as a bargain. ( ② ) This technique, known as anchoring, shapes how shoppers judge value by comparing prices rather than evaluating a product on its own merits. ( ③ ) Limited-time sales further intensify this effect, since a ticking clock encourages rushed decisions that leave little room for careful comparison. ( ④ ) Retailers also use phrases such as "while supplies last" to suggest scarcity, even when inventory remains plentiful. ( ⑤ ) Over time, frequent sales can actually train customers to wait for discounts rather than buy at full price.