영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When people estimate the value of an unfamiliar product, they rarely rely on objective calculation alone; instead, they anchor their judgment to whatever numerical reference ①happens to be presented first, however arbitrary that number may be. This phenomenon, ②known as the anchoring effect, exerts a disproportionate influence on price perception precisely because initial figures function as a kind of cognitive gravity that subsequent estimates struggle to escape. A shopper who ③first sees a jacket listed at $300 before it is marked down to $150 will likely judge the discounted price as an excellent bargain. Retailers, well aware of this bias, frequently display an inflated "original price" beside a discounted one, not because the higher figure is meaningful, but because it ④recalibrate customers' expectations. Even professionals are not immune: negotiators who open with an extreme initial offer often secure more favorable final terms than those ⑤who begin with a moderate one.

Financial markets occasionally experience episodes in which asset prices rise far beyond any level that careful analysis of underlying fundamentals could justify, a phenomenon commonly ①attributed to herd psychology. During such episodes, individual investors, observing that prices have already risen substantially, often conclude that continuing to buy is reasonable simply because so many others ②are doing the same, rather than because any independent evaluation supports the purchase. This dynamic can become self-perpetuating: rising prices attract new buyers, whose purchases push prices higher still, thereby ③attracting yet another wave of buyers convinced that the upward trend itself constitutes reliable evidence of underlying value. Historical episodes of speculative excess display a strikingly similar pattern, suggesting that the underlying psychological mechanism ④remain constant even as the specific assets involved change considerably across centuries. Eventually, however, some triggering event, however minor, prompts a portion of investors to reconsider their assumptions, and the resulting wave of selling can ⑤trigger a collapse every bit as rapid and self-reinforcing as the original ascent.

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are accurate. This practice, ①knowing as greenwashing, involves exaggerating or fabricating a product's positive impact on the environment. Consumers, ②who are increasingly concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay higher prices for products ③that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually ④require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards ⑤that require companies to prove their environmental claims with verifiable data.

Our school is starting a New Year Goal-Setting Campaign ①to help everyone begin the year with clear direction. During the first week of January, every student will receive a small goal card ②given by the homeroom teacher. On this card, write one personal goal for the new year, along with two simple steps ③to achieve it. After completing your card, submit it to your homeroom teacher, and all goal cards ④will be displayed on the bulletin board outside the library. Students who show clear progress toward their goals will ⑤receiving a small prize during the morning assembly.

I made sure to drink ①cold water instead of only cold drinks, and I began carrying a light jacket to wear indoors when the room felt too ②cold. I also started stretching and walking around every hour instead of sitting still all day, which helped me feel more ③energetic. Within a few days, my headaches ④disappeared, and I felt much more ⑤healthy.

Last Saturday, Jimin visited the recycling center near her apartment with her science class. She had expected the place to be dirty and unpleasant, but _______________. A worker named Mr. Park guided the students through each area, explaining how bottles, cans, and paper were sorted. He showed them a machine that crushed plastic bottles into small pieces before they were sent to factories. Jimin was surprised to learn that mixed trash, thrown into the wrong bin, often ruined an entire batch of recyclables. For example, one greasy pizza box could contaminate a whole pile of clean paper. However, when items were sorted correctly, they could be reused many times, almost like ingredients in a favorite recipe. Walking home, Jimin realized that her small effort at home truly mattered. She decided to sort her family's trash more carefully.

Sleep hygiene refers to a set of simple daily habits that help the body prepare for consistent, restorative rest. Experts commonly recommend going to bed and waking up at the same time every day, even on weekends, because an irregular schedule confuses the body's internal clock and makes it harder to fall asleep on demand. They also advise reserving the bedroom for sleep alone, since using the bed to study, scroll through a phone, or watch videos teaches the brain to associate that space with wakeful activity rather than rest. Physical environment matters as well: a cool, dark, and quiet room tends to produce deeper sleep than one that is warm, bright, or noisy. None of these individual habits guarantees a good night's sleep on its own, but together they form a routine that _______________, much the way a consistent set of cues trains an athlete's body to perform at a certain time each day.

In the late nineteenth century, the psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus undertook a rigorous investigation of forgetting by serving as his own experimental subject. He memorized thousands of meaningless three-letter syllables so that prior knowledge could not skew his results. (A) Ebbinghaus further found that distributing study sessions across several days produced better retention than cramming the same repetition into one sitting. This finding, now central to modern learning theory, implies that revisiting material shortly before it would otherwise be forgotten interrupts the decline of the forgetting curve. (B) After learning each list to perfection, he tested his retention at intervals ranging from twenty minutes to a month later. He recorded how many repetitions were required to relearn the material each time. (C) The resulting curve revealed a consistent pattern. Forgetting proceeds rapidly during the initial hours following learning, then gradually decelerates until the rate of loss becomes almost imperceptible. Roughly half of the acquired information vanished within the first hour alone. Yet whatever survived that initial plunge tended to persist for much longer periods.

Long before cognitive scientists possessed the tools to observe the brain directly, Donald Broadbent proposed an influential model suggesting that the human capacity to process incoming sensory information is constrained by a structural bottleneck through which only a single stream of input can pass at any given instant. (A) This basic bottleneck principle continues to inform contemporary explanations of why multitasking so reliably degrades performance on demanding tasks. (B) According to this filter theory, multiple channels of stimulation, such as competing voices in a crowded room, are initially registered at a shallow, physical level, but only one channel is selected for further, meaning-based analysis while the rest are blocked from advancing beyond that early filter. (C) Although later researchers challenged the rigidity of this early selection mechanism, pointing to instances in which unattended information, such as one's own name, nevertheless breaks through and captures awareness, the core insight that attention imposes a genuine processing limit rather than a mere matter of willpower has remained remarkably durable.

People often recognize, in calm reflection, that their future selves will be tempted to abandon a goal they currently value. Rather than relying solely on willpower at the critical moment, they may choose to restrict their own future options in advance, a strategy known as precommitment. (A) What unites these examples is a simple insight: because future desires cannot always be trusted, the wisest moment to act may be now, while judgment remains clear and temptation has not yet taken hold. (B) By making certain choices costly, inconvenient, or impossible to reverse, individuals can protect a long-term goal from a short-term impulse that has not yet arisen. (C) A person hoping to save money might lock funds into an account that penalizes early withdrawal, removing the very temptation that would otherwise be difficult to resist. Similarly, someone determined to finish a project might publicly announce a deadline, transforming private intentions into a commitment that carries social consequences if broken.