영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Every time a smartphone connects to a cell tower or a Wi-Fi network, it quietly records a data point that can later ①be pieced together into a detailed map of where its owner has been. Most users agree to this tracking without ②reading the fine print, assuming that a single company's database poses little threat. The real danger, however, emerges when location data from multiple sources ③combining. A pattern that reveals a person's home, workplace, and daily route can expose far more than any single app ever intended to share. Companies often argue that anonymized data cannot be traced back to individuals, yet researchers have repeatedly ④shown that a handful of location points is enough to identify a specific person. As a result, privacy experts increasingly insist that location data ⑤deserves the same legal protection as medical records.

Consider a village green shared freely by every herder in the community, where each individual may graze as many animals as they wish without ①paying any fee. From the perspective of any single herder, adding one more animal to the shared pasture ②brings a clear personal benefit, since the extra income belongs entirely to that herder alone. The cost of the additional grazing, however, is spread thinly across every herder who uses the green, so no single individual ③bears more than a tiny fraction of the damage. Because this calculation favors adding more animals for every rational herder, the shared pasture is gradually overgrazed until it can no longer ④support any animals at all, harming the very community whose rational members caused the collapse. Philosophers use this scenario to illustrate a troubling gap between what benefits an individual in the short term and what preserves a shared resource in the long term, a gap that voluntary self-restraint alone rarely ⑤closing.

Retailers frequently rely on sales events to boost short-term revenue, but the psychology behind these promotions is more complex than simple discounting. When a price is crossed out and replaced with a lower number, consumers instinctively ①perceive the new price as a bargain. This technique, ②known as anchoring, shapes how shoppers judge value by comparing prices rather than evaluating a product on its own merits. Limited-time sales further intensify this effect, since a ticking clock ③encourage rushed decisions that leave little room for careful comparison. Retailers also use phrases such as "while supplies last" to suggest scarcity, even when inventory ④remains plentiful. Over time, frequent sales can actually train customers ⑤to wait for discounts rather than buy at full price.

Attention all club leaders: applications for the club budget are now open. If your club wants support for materials, events, or competitions, please follow the steps below. First, download the budget request form from the school website and ①fill in your club's name, purpose, and requested amount. Second, attach a short plan ②explaining how the money will be used, since forms without a clear plan will not be reviewed. Third, submit the completed form to the teacher in charge of student activities by August 14th. Applications received after the deadline will not be accepted. Once submitted, each request will be reviewed by the budget committee, ③which meets every Friday. Approved clubs will receive their funds within two weeks, and results ④will be posted on the club bulletin board. Please contact Mr. Han in the activities office if you ⑤has any questions.

As a result, the ads that appear on a person's screen often feel remarkably ①specific, sometimes referencing items browsed only minutes earlier. Supporters argue that this level of precision benefits consumers by ②reducing exposure to irrelevant advertisements and highlighting products they genuinely need. Some researchers have found that people who see highly personalized advertisements make impulsive purchases ③less frequently than those who see generic ones. Because these algorithms operate largely without public oversight, few consumers fully understand how their personal data shapes what they eventually buy. Greater ④transparency, many experts argue, would allow consumers to make more ⑤informed decisions about their own online behavior.

Modern factories increasingly rely on collaborative robots, often called cobots, which are designed to work safely alongside human employees. In practice, cobots typically handle repetitive or physically demanding tasks, such as lifting heavy parts, while human workers focus on tasks that require judgment and fine motor skills. This division of labor ___________, since each side contributes what it does best. Manufacturers who have introduced cobots report fewer workplace injuries and higher worker satisfaction, largely because employees no longer perform exhausting repetitive motions all day.

Limited-edition products are goods that are released in small quantities for a short period of time. Many companies use this strategy because ___________. When consumers believe that a product will disappear soon, they often feel pressured to buy it immediately rather than wait. For instance, a sneaker company that releases only a few thousand pairs of a special design can generate long lines outside stores overnight. This excitement is intensified by social media, where people proudly share photos of items that others could not obtain. However, this psychological pressure can lead to purchases that are driven by fear rather than genuine need. As a result, some shoppers later regret spending money on products they rarely use afterward.

Technology has changed the way many jobs are performed today. (A) As a result, workers now need to keep learning new tools throughout their careers. (B) A graphic designer, for instance, must understand digital software that did not exist twenty years ago. (C) Machines and computer programs now handle tasks once done entirely by people.

A few years ago, spotting a manipulated video required a trained eye and specialized software. (A) Perhaps more troubling than any single fake video is the broader effect on public trust, sometimes called the liar's dividend, in which genuine footage can be dismissed as fabricated simply because deepfakes exist. (B) Today, freely available applications allow almost anyone to swap a face or fabricate a voice convincingly enough to fool casual viewers within minutes. (C) This shift has quietly undermined one of the oldest assumptions in human communication: that seeing and hearing something is a reliable way to confirm it happened.

주어진 문장: This unexpected combination of skills fascinated him more than he had expected. When Daniel was a child, he dreamed of becoming an astronaut, yet he assumed such careers belonged only to a handful of government scientists. ( ① ) By the time he entered university, however, the space industry had changed dramatically, as private companies began launching satellites and building reusable rockets. ( ② ) Daniel studied aerospace engineering, drawn to the idea that space exploration was no longer limited to a few national agencies. ( ③ ) During an internship, he helped design a small satellite intended to monitor crop health from orbit, a project that combined engineering with agricultural science. ( ④ ) He realized that the space industry now needed not only pilots and engineers but also data analysts, technicians, and even lawyers familiar with international space regulations. ( ⑤ ) After graduation, Daniel joined a startup developing lunar landing equipment, a job that barely existed when he first imagined his future career.