영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Minjun used to leave half of his lunch tray full of ①untouching rice and vegetables every day. Last spring, his class started a campaign ②called "Clean Plate Day" to reduce food waste. However, his teacher explained that leftover food thrown away every day ③adds up to a huge amount of waste. She compared uneaten food to money ④dropped carelessly on the street, which nobody bothers to pick up. He decided to take only what he could finish and ⑤to try new vegetables slowly.

Cities are frequently several degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon ①known as the urban heat island effect, which intensifies in summer and threatens public health. This disparity arises largely because asphalt and concrete absorb solar radiation during the day and slowly release it as heat throughout the night, ②preventing urban areas from cooling down. To address this problem, urban planners have begun implementing mitigation strategies ③designed to lower surface and air temperatures. One widely used solution involves reflective "cool" roofing ④engineered to reflect more sunlight than dark rooftops absorb. Another strategy, green infrastructure, incorporates rooftop gardens and tree-lined streets that ⑤provides shade while releasing moisture.

The planning fallacy describes the tendency to ①systematically underestimate how long a task will take, even when experience suggests otherwise. Psychologists ②who studied this bias found that people focus mainly on an idealized, best-case version of a project. They focus less on how similar projects actually unfolded before. A student who insists an essay takes two hours, despite ③needing five hours for every previous essay, shows a clear instance of the fallacy. Large construction projects offer another example. Officials frequently predict completion dates that later ④proves far too optimistic once delays appear. Some researchers recommend a technique called reference class forecasting, ⑤comparing a new task to similar completed tasks.

Suppose you meet a quiet, ① gentle man who speaks softly, tends a small garden, and organizes his bookshelf with meticulous care. Asked whether he is more likely a florist or a truck driver, most people ② instinctively choose florist, since his personality matches the stereotype so neatly. This judgment, however, ignores a crucial fact: truck drivers vastly ③ trail florists in almost every country, which means that, statistically, he is far more likely to belong to the larger group regardless of how well he fits the flower-shop image. Relying on resemblance to a familiar category rather than on underlying numerical proportions, known among researchers as representativeness, leads people to overlook these base rates almost ④ automatically. Even trained professionals, who should know better, often fall into the same trap when a vivid description feels more ⑤ convincing than plain statistics.

On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel ①noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities ②retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat ③instantly, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with ④abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and ⑤expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that ___________. When motivation is low, the task must be made extremely easy, or it will not happen at all. For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more achievable.

A flexitarian is someone who mainly eats plant-based meals but occasionally includes meat or fish, unlike a strict vegetarian who avoids animal products entirely. This flexible diet has recently gained attention as a practical way to fight climate change, since raising livestock produces a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. Cattle, in particular, release large amounts of methane, a gas far more powerful than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. By replacing just a few meat-based meals each week with vegetables, grains, or legumes, individuals can noticeably shrink their carbon footprint without giving up meat completely. Nutritionists also emphasize that flexitarian eating is easier to maintain than full vegetarianism, because it allows flexibility rather than demanding absolute discipline. Therefore, many environmental groups now promote flexitarianism as a realistic first step, believing that _______________.

Goffman's original theory focused on face-to-face interaction, but researchers have expanded it to explain behavior on social media. (A) Unlike face-to-face encounters, online platforms allow users unlimited time to edit captions, retouch photos, and delete unflattering content before anyone sees it. (B) This expanded control means that online impression management can be even more deliberate and polished than anything Goffman originally observed in daily conversation. (C) As a result, some scholars argue that today's online performances create unrealistic standards that traditional face-to-face interactions never produced.

Many students wonder why club activities matter so much for their school life record, a document that summarizes what a student did during each semester. (A) For example, a student who organized a club exhibition might be described as someone who showed strong leadership and creativity. These notes are not simply a list of activities; they explain the process behind each achievement. (B) Whenever students take part in a club, their teacher writes a short note describing what role they played and how they grew. (C) Therefore, admissions officers at universities read the record carefully to understand a student's genuine interests, not just their grades. In contrast, a club membership with no real participation rarely leaves a meaningful impression. This is why teachers encourage students to take an active role rather than joining a club only for its name.

주어진 문장: In contrast, a cloth bag can be used again and again for many years. Attention, students and teachers! Our school is starting a new campaign called 'Bring Your Own Bag.' ① Starting next Monday, the school store will no longer offer free plastic bags to customers. ② Instead, we encourage everyone to bring a reusable shopping bag from home. ③ Plastic bags, which are made from petroleum, take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. ④ Therefore, using a reusable bag is a simple habit that protects sea animals and reduces pollution. ⑤ For example, students who bring their own bags will receive a small sticker as a reward. However, students who forget their bags may still purchase a paper bag for a small fee. We hope every student will join this easy and meaningful campaign. Thank you for helping our school become greener.