영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Prospect theory proposes that the subjective value of money is not a straight line but a curved function, ① differing sharply from the assumptions of classical economic models. In the domain of gains, the function bends downward as amounts ② increase, so the psychological difference between earning zero and one hundred dollars feels far greater than between earning one thousand and eleven hundred. A parallel pattern appears among losses, where the curve ③ bend in the opposite direction, yet sensitivity still fades as the amount grows larger. This tendency, ④ known as diminishing sensitivity, explains why a shopper barely notices a ten dollar increase on a two thousand dollar purchase. Researchers illustrate this curvature with graphs ⑤ shaped like an S turned sideways, sloping gently near the center and flattening toward both extremes.

Students are frequently told that where they study makes little difference, ①provided that they put in enough hours. Cognitive research on memory retrieval, however, suggests that this advice oversimplifies an important process. According to the encoding specificity principle, ②information becomes intertwined with the context in which it was originally learned. Cues present during encoding therefore facilitate retrieval far more effectively than cues encountered elsewhere. A striking demonstration involved ③divers who memorized word lists either underwater or on dry land. When tested later, divers recalled substantially more words ④if the testing environment matched the original learning environment. This held true regardless of which environment that happened to be. This finding implies that reviewing material exclusively in a quiet bedroom may not adequately prepare a student for the noisy atmosphere of an actual examination hall. Rather than assuming that memorization is a context-free process, students ought to consider deliberately varying study locations and conditions. Doing so would ensure that retrieval cues ⑤remains available regardless of how a future test is administered.

For most of the twentieth century, a library was simply a quiet room full of books, and visitors were expected to stay ① silent while they searched the shelves. Today, many public libraries look completely ② similar. Alongside the usual shelves, you might find group study rooms, comfortable sofas for reading, computer labs, and even small recording studios for podcasts. Librarians say this change did not happen by ③ accident. As more information moved online, fewer people needed a library simply to find facts, so librarians began asking what their communities actually needed instead. The answer, in many neighborhoods, turned out to be space itself: a warm, ④ free place where students could study together, job seekers could print a resume, and children could attend a story hour. Some critics worry that libraries are drifting away from their original mission of preserving books, but librarians respond that a library survives only by ⑤ changing with its readers.

For our club's spring project, we were told to create a sculpture using only materials collected from the school's recycling bins, and my first reaction was ① disappointment at not being allowed to buy proper art supplies. Sorting through flattened cardboard, broken umbrella frames, and plastic bottle caps, I initially saw nothing but ② trash. My perspective shifted once a senior member showed me a piece she had built the previous year, a bird made entirely of bent bicycle spokes and bottle caps, each cap functioning as a single ③ feather. She explained that upcycling art forces a creator to notice a material's natural shape and texture rather than simply painting over it, which often produces more ④ original results than starting with a blank, expensive canvas. By the end of the project, our team had built a small forest of figures using nothing that anyone had paid for, and the exhibit visitors seemed ⑤ indifferent to our materials, focusing only on our technique instead.

Dual coding theory, first proposed to explain why certain kinds of information are remembered more readily than others, holds that the mind processes verbal and visual material through two partially independent ① channels rather than a single unified system. According to this account, words and other linguistic symbols are encoded primarily through a verbal channel that represents meaning in a concrete ②, sequential form, while pictures and concrete objects are encoded through an imagery channel that preserves spatial and perceptual detail. When information engages both channels simultaneously, as when a textbook pairs a written explanation with an accompanying diagram, the resulting memory trace benefits from two separate, mutually reinforcing ③ pathways of retrieval rather than just one. This redundancy explains the well-documented picture superiority ④ effect, whereby concrete, easily visualized words tend to be recalled more accurately than abstract terms that resist mental imagery. Consequently, dual coding theory has profound implications for instructional design, suggesting that combining carefully chosen visuals with concise verbal explanations can strengthen ⑤ students' long-term retention of complex material.

Riding a bicycle is a great way to stay active during summer vacation, but ___________. Before you ride, check that your tires are properly inflated and your brakes are working well. Wearing a helmet is essential, since it can prevent serious head injuries in an accident.

Storing summer fruit properly can help you avoid waste and enjoy fresher flavors. (A) Berries, however, should not be washed until just before eating, because moisture encourages mold to grow. (B) Watermelon and melon should be kept in the refrigerator once they are cut, since warm air speeds up spoiling. (C) Bananas, unlike most fruit, are best kept on the counter rather than in the refrigerator.

Working memory refers to the mental workspace in which information is temporarily held and manipulated while a person performs a cognitive task. Such tasks include solving an arithmetic problem, following a rapid conversation, or holding a phone number in mind before dialing it. (A) Subsequent research, however, revealed that Miller's estimate was somewhat generous, since it failed to account for the complexity of the material being remembered. Nelson Cowan later argued that when rehearsal strategies are prevented and attention is tightly controlled, genuine capacity hovers closer to four items rather than seven. (B) This discrepancy suggests that what earlier studies had measured was not raw storage capacity itself but a hybrid quantity inflated by clever strategies. Contemporary psychologists therefore distinguish between the fixed limit of working memory and the flexible techniques that allow individuals to transcend that limit. (C) In the mid-twentieth century, the psychologist George Miller proposed that this workspace could accommodate roughly seven discrete items. His claim proved so influential that it became widely known as the magic number seven.

When workers receive a five percent raise in a year when prices have climbed five percent as well, their real purchasing power has not changed at all, yet many still report feeling noticeably better off. (A) Employers exploit this pattern by favoring modest nominal raises over deeper structural adjustments, since a visible increase on a payslip satisfies employees more effectively than an explanation about inflation could. (B) The illusion persists even among people who claim to understand inflation well, which suggests that the bias operates at an intuitive level that formal knowledge does not easily override. (C) This tendency to judge economic well-being by nominal figures printed on a paycheck, rather than by what that money can actually purchase, is known among economists as money illusion.

This built-in schedule does not simply respond to the clock on the wall; it is shaped directly by light itself. Every cell in the human body follows an internal timer known as the circadian rhythm, a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle that governs when we feel alert and when we feel drowsy. ( ① ) This clock is regulated primarily by a tiny cluster of neurons in the brain that responds to light entering through the eyes. ( ② ) When morning sunlight strikes the retina, the cluster signals the body to suppress sleep hormones and raise body temperature, preparing us for activity. ( ③ ) As evening approaches and light fades, the same mechanism triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes drowsiness. ( ④ ) Because this rhythm evolved around the natural cycle of day and night, modern habits such as staying indoors under artificial light or working night shifts can push the internal clock out of sync with the external environment. ( ⑤ ) Such misalignment does not simply cause tiredness; it has also been associated with digestive problems and reduced concentration, suggesting that timing matters as much as total sleep hours.