영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Among the many tools available to those who design choice environments, few are as quietly powerful as the default option, the alternative that ①takes effect automatically unless a person actively selects something else. Because changing a default requires deliberate effort, many individuals simply accept whatever arrangement has been preselected for them, regardless of whether that arrangement actually ②serve their interests best. This tendency has been documented across a remarkably wide range of contexts. Countries that automatically enroll citizens in organ donation programs, requiring an explicit request to opt out, consistently report far higher donor registration rates than countries that require citizens ③to actively opt in. Employers who automatically enroll new hires in retirement savings plans likewise see participation rates ④climb dramatically compared with employers who leave enrollment entirely voluntary. What makes default options so influential is not merely convenience; a default also functions as an implicit signal about what is considered normal or recommended, subtly ⑤shaping perceptions even among individuals who believe themselves to be deciding independently.

Many students assume that perfectionists work harder than everyone else, but psychologists describe a puzzling pattern ①called the perfectionism-procrastination cycle. This term describes how an intense fear of imperfect work ②cause people to delay starting a task rather than begin it. Because perfectionists set impossibly high standards, they often feel anxious before they even begin, and the task feels ③overwhelming. They then postpone the work to avoid ④facing their own unrealistic expectations, even though delay only increases their stress later. For example, a student writing a research paper might spend hours reorganizing notes instead of composing a single sentence that ⑤feels good enough.

One Saturday morning, Jiho carried a heavy bag of old clothes to the donation box near his apartment. He had grown taller over the winter, so many shirts no longer ①fit him. At first, he almost threw the clothes into the regular trash without thinking twice. However, his older sister reminded him that clean clothes could still ②help someone else. She explained that donating clothes was like ③give a plant a second chance to grow. For example, a jacket he ④had outgrown might keep another child warm this winter. Therefore, Jiho folded each shirt neatly and ⑤placed them gently inside the box. In contrast to his first careless idea, he now felt genuinely happy about his choice. Walking home, Jiho realized that small actions could create meaningful change for others.

Sorting your trash correctly is one of the simplest habits ①that protect our environment. When you separate paper, plastic, glass, and cans, recycling centers can process each material more efficiently. For example, plastic bottles should be rinsed and ②have their caps removed before being thrown away. Paper ③soaked with food or oil, however, cannot be recycled and must go into general waste. Sorting garbage is similar to organizing a closet, where each type of clothing ④have its own shelf. If items are mixed together carelessly, finding ⑤what you need later becomes difficult.

Last year our art club received a set of digital drawing tablets, and I assumed switching from paper ① feeling like cheating, since a screen seemed to remove the physical struggle of real drawing. After a few weeks of practice, though, I noticed the tablet ② demanded a different kind of skill rather than an easier one. Because there is no paper texture to guide the pen, beginners often press too hard or draw shaky lines until their hand ③ adjusts to the smooth glass surface. What the tablet does offer is the freedom ④ to undo a mistake instantly and experiment with colors without wasting a single sheet of paper. Several club members who once avoided painting because they feared ruining their work now ⑤ try bold new styles daily.

Time-management researchers frequently mention a principle known as Parkinson's Law, which states that work ①expands to fill the time available for its completion. According to this idea, a task that could be finished in one hour will often stretch to fill an entire afternoon if that much time is scheduled for it. Students who set ②vague deadlines frequently experience this effect, spending extra hours refining a report that was already ③complete. Employees given a full week for a simple project may also delay meaningful progress until the final days, even though the actual work requires far ④more effort. This pattern happens partly because people unconsciously adjust their pace to match perceived urgency. Setting shorter, more specific deadlines can ⑤counter this tendency, forcing tasks to fit within a tighter and more realistic window.

When people have no specific goal, they usually feel ①confused about where to start, and their interest fades within days. For example, a student who simply decides to study harder this year often loses direction because the plan is too ②vague. In contrast, a student who sets a ③clear goal knows exactly what to do every day. A clear goal also makes progress easy to measure, and noticing small improvements keeps people ④encouraged. Setting a specific goal is one of the most ⑤ineffective ways to build lasting motivation.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

A loud, jarring alert sound interrupting a phone's normal notifications usually means one thing: a government agency has issued an emergency text to everyone in a specific area, warning of anything from a flash flood to a missing child. (A) Some residents complain that the alerts arrive too frequently or for events that feel minor, leading a small number of people to silence the notifications altogether. (B) Safety officials warn that this response defeats the entire purpose of the system, since a person who mutes every alert for convenience will also miss the one message that truly demands immediate action. (C) These messages are designed to reach people instantly, without requiring anyone to download an app or subscribe to a service in advance, since a disaster rarely waits for someone to prepare.

This makes it one of the most difficult winter hazards to prepare for in advance. When temperatures drop below freezing overnight, an invisible layer of black ice can form on sidewalks that look perfectly dry, catching even careful walkers off guard. ( ① ) Unlike a visibly icy patch, black ice reflects almost no light and blends into ordinary pavement, which is why so many falls happen on stretches that pedestrians would never suspect. ( ② ) Orthopedic doctors report a sharp rise in wrist and hip injuries every winter, most of them caused not by dramatic slips on icy hills but by a single unexpected step near a bus stop or a doorway. ( ③ ) Walking with shorter, flatter steps and keeping the hands free rather than in pockets can help a person regain balance quickly if a foot suddenly slides. ( ④ ) Choosing shoes with textured rubber soles rather than smooth ones also makes a difference, since even a small increase in grip can prevent a fall before it begins. ( ⑤ ) Treating every winter sidewalk as potentially icy, rather than trusting appearances, remains the simplest way to avoid injury.