영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Value-based consumption refers to the practice of spending money on products or experiences ①that align with a person's personal beliefs, even if cheaper alternatives exist. Some critics dismiss this approach as impractical, ②arguing that most people cannot afford to prioritize ethics over affordability in daily life. However, supporters point out that value-based spending does not require constant sacrifice; it often means ③buying fewer, higher-quality items rather than accumulating cheap goods that wear out quickly. This shift also encourages companies ④improve their practices, since consumer demand increasingly rewards transparency and responsibility. For example, a clothing brand that openly shares its supply chain information may attract loyal customers ⑤willing to pay slightly more.

Attention, students and teachers! Our school is starting a new campaign called 'Bring Your Own Bag.' Starting next Monday, the school store will no longer offer free plastic bags to customers. Instead, we encourage everyone to bring a reusable shopping bag from home. Plastic bags, ①which are made from petroleum, take hundreds of years to break down in the environment. In contrast, a cloth bag can be ②used again and again for many years. Therefore, ③using a reusable bag is a simple habit that protects sea animals and reduces pollution. For example, students ④who bring their own bags will receive a small sticker as a reward. However, students who forget their bags may still ⑤purchases a paper bag for a small fee. We hope every student will join this easy and meaningful campaign. Thank you for helping our school become greener.

Sorting your trash correctly is one of the simplest habits ①that protect our environment. When you separate paper, plastic, glass, and cans, recycling centers can process each material more efficiently. For example, plastic bottles should be rinsed and ②have their caps removed before being thrown away. Paper ③soaked with food or oil, however, cannot be recycled and must go into general waste. Sorting garbage is similar to organizing a closet, where each type of clothing ④have its own shelf. If items are mixed together carelessly, finding ⑤what you need later becomes difficult.

Many people throw away items ①that they no longer need. However, some students have started ②to buy and sell used goods instead of throwing them away. This practice, often ③called secondhand trading, takes place at flea markets or through simple online apps. When you buy a secondhand book or a used bicycle, you save money and reduce waste at the same time. For example, a jacket that no longer ④fit your older sibling can become a treasure for someone else. Giving an old item to a new owner is like giving a toy a second life. In contrast, throwing away useful items increases the amount of trash that ends up in landfills. Therefore, secondhand trading, ⑤which requires little effort, protects both your wallet and the environment. Small choices like this can make a big difference for our planet.

The term green premium describes the ①<u>reduced</u> cost that consumers must pay when they choose an environmentally friendly product or energy source over a conventional, cheaper alternative. For example, an electric vehicle or solar-powered appliance often carries a higher price tag than its gasoline-powered or coal-based counterpart, even though it produces fewer emissions over time. This price gap frequently ②<u>discourages</u> shoppers who support sustainability in principle but cannot justify the additional expense within a limited household budget. In contrast, wealthier consumers can ③<u>absorb</u> the premium more easily, which creates unequal participation in green markets. To ④<u>narrow</u> this gap, governments have introduced subsidies and tax credits that lower upfront costs, while companies invest in research to make clean technologies cheaper to manufacture. As production scales up and innovation continues, many economists expect the green premium to ⑤<u>shrink</u> steadily, eventually making sustainable choices the more affordable option for most consumers.

Every day, we leave behind marks of the gases that warm our planet, much like footprints left in wet sand. These marks, often called our carbon footprint, _______________. Many students think that only large factories create these marks, but ordinary habits at home also matter greatly. For example, turning off lights when leaving a room reduces the energy that power plants must produce. Walking or biking to school instead of riding in a car also lowers the amount of gas released into the air. In contrast, leaving devices plugged in all night quietly increases our footprint without our notice. Therefore, students who practice these simple habits regularly can shrink their footprint significantly. Small daily choices, repeated over time, become powerful tools for protecting the environment we all share.

Researchers have found that athletes who follow a consistent routine tend to show more stable performance under pressure than those who approach each attempt differently. Elite athletes rarely walk up to a free throw line or a golf ball without first performing a highly specific sequence of movements, a habit sports psychologists call a pre-performance routine. ( ① ) Far from being mere superstition, this consistent sequence, whether it involves bouncing a basketball a fixed number of times or taking a particular number of practice swings, serves a genuine cognitive purpose. ( ② ) Repeating the same physical and mental steps before every attempt narrows an athlete's focus away from distracting thoughts about outcome or crowd noise and toward the specific technical cues needed to execute the skill correctly. ( ③ ) The routine essentially functions as a trigger, cuing the body to shift automatically into a familiar, well-rehearsed state. ( ④ ) For this reason, coaches now actively teach young athletes to develop and rehearse individualized routines rather than treating them as personal quirks. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This is why many coaches encourage athletes to keep their pre-game rituals exactly the same, even when circumstances change. Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. ( ① ) This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. ( ② ) The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. ( ③ ) Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. ( ④ ) For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires changing the routine while keeping the same cue and reward. ( ⑤ ) Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

주어진 문장: In contrast, turning off the tap during that time saves a surprising amount of water each day. Water looks endless when it flows from the tap every morning. ① However, clean water is actually a limited resource that we must protect carefully. Many families waste water without even noticing it in their daily routine. For example, leaving the tap running while brushing your teeth can waste several liters of water. ② Taking a shorter shower is another easy habit that reduces water use significantly. ③ Fixing a leaking faucet, which many people ignore, can also save hundreds of liters every month. ④ Saving water is like keeping money in a savings account for the future. Therefore, small changes in our daily habits, practiced by every family, can protect this precious resource. ⑤ Everyone who cares about the environment should start saving water today.

Yet this reluctance to accept a small certain loss often leads to a much larger loss later, when the declining trend continues unabated. Loss aversion strongly influences how investors manage their portfolios during periods of market decline. ( ① ) When the value of a stock begins to fall, many investors postpone selling, hoping that the price will rebound to its original level. ( ② ) This tendency is closely tied to the psychological discomfort of converting an unrealized loss into a realized one, since selling forces the investor to formally acknowledge the loss. ( ③ ) Research on trading behavior consistently shows that investors hold declining stocks for longer periods than rising ones, a pattern that runs counter to the basic principle of cutting losses early. ( ④ ) Financial advisors therefore encourage clients to set predetermined selling thresholds in advance, before emotional attachment to a particular price can distort their judgment. ( ⑤ ) By committing to a rule beforehand, investors can partially neutralize the emotional bias that loss aversion introduces into decision-making.