영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Many companies today advertise their products as environmentally friendly, yet not all of these claims are accurate. This practice, ①knowing as greenwashing, involves exaggerating or fabricating a product's positive impact on the environment. Consumers, ②who are increasingly concerned about climate change, often trust such claims without questioning them closely. As a result, they may pay higher prices for products ③that are no more sustainable than ordinary alternatives. Genuine environmental efforts, which usually ④require significant investment and long-term planning, are far more costly than simply changing a label. Therefore, governments should establish clear standards ⑤that require companies to prove their environmental claims with verifiable data.

When engineers design the software that controls a self-driving car, they inevitably face a question that philosophers have debated for ①decades. If a crash becomes unavoidable, should the vehicle protect its own passenger at all costs, or should it be programmed to ②minimize total harm, even if that means steering toward the person inside? Surveys reveal an uncomfortable ③contradiction: most people say a car should be programmed to save the greater number of lives, yet the same people admit they would never buy a vehicle designed to sacrifice its own owner. This gap between the ideal and the personal choice suggests that ethical programming cannot be settled by public opinion alone. Manufacturers, regulators, and philosophers must instead agree on ④transparent rules before autonomous vehicles are ⑤forbidden to make such decisions on the road.

When Minji was in ninth grade, she posted a joking comment mocking a classmate's photo, never imagining anyone would remember it later. Last spring, she applied to join her school's student council, hoping her leadership experience would impress the selection committee. During the interview, however, one teacher mentioned having seen an old, unkind comment under Minji's name while reviewing applicants' profiles. Startled, Minji realized that everything she had ever posted online had quietly accumulated into what is called a digital footprint, a lasting trail of personal data left behind by online activity. Although she deleted the comment immediately, the damage to her reputation had already been done. She understood that digital footprints ___________.

Many companies now advertise themselves as environmentally responsible, yet a growing number of these claims turn out to be misleading. This practice, known as greenwashing, _______________. A company might launch a recycled-packaging line while continuing to pollute rivers through its main factories, creating a false impression of genuine change. Such tactics deceive well-intentioned consumers who wish to shop responsibly but lack the tools to verify corporate claims. In contrast, truly sustainable businesses publish detailed, independently verified data about their emissions and supply chains, allowing outsiders to check their progress. Therefore, shoppers should look beyond vague labels like green or natural and instead search for recognized certifications, transparent reports, and measurable targets. Without such scrutiny, greenwashing will keep flourishing, undermining public trust and slowing the broader shift toward an economy that truly protects the planet.

As more schools shift toward digital textbooks and online assignments, a student without reliable internet access at home faces a disadvantage that has little to do with talent or effort. Some policymakers initially treated internet access as a convenience, comparable to cable television, rather than as infrastructure essential to modern life. That assumption is increasingly being reconsidered, particularly as _______________. Closing this divide will require more than simply distributing devices.

Yet the objective probability of survival in both scenarios is, of course, mathematically identical. Framing effects appear with particular force in decisions involving risk and uncertainty. ( ① ) When physicians describe a treatment option in terms of a survival rate, patients tend to view the treatment favorably and are more inclined to proceed. ( ② ) When the very same statistic is instead presented as a mortality rate, patient enthusiasm for the identical treatment drops noticeably. ( ③ ) This asymmetry persists even among physicians themselves, who might be expected to evaluate probabilities more analytically than the general public. ( ④ ) The persistence of this bias among trained professionals suggests that framing effects operate below the level of deliberate reasoning, influencing judgment before conscious analysis even begins. ( ⑤ ) Understanding this tendency allows communicators to present information more responsibly, regardless of which frame ultimately proves more persuasive.

In short, an effective fueling plan treats carbohydrate loading as one tool among many, not a substitute for well-rounded nutrition. In the days leading up to an endurance event, many athletes deliberately increase their carbohydrate intake while reducing training volume, a practice known as carbohydrate loading. ( ① ) The strategy is designed to maximize the amount of glycogen, the storage form of carbohydrate, packed into muscle tissue before competition begins. ( ② ) Because glycogen serves as the primary fuel source during prolonged, intense exercise, entering an event with fuller stores can delay the point of exhaustion that runners often call hitting the wall. ( ③ ) Sports nutritionists caution, however, that the timing and composition of meals matter as much as the total quantity of carbohydrate consumed, since eating unfamiliar foods immediately before competition can cause digestive discomfort. Athletes are therefore advised to practice their nutrition strategy during training rather than experimenting with it for the first time on race day. ( ④ ) Beyond carbohydrates, adequate protein and micronutrient intake throughout the training cycle remains essential, since fueling strategy is only one part of a much larger nutritional picture. ( ⑤ )

주어진 문장: This lowered sense of accountability can lead people toward two very different directions, one positive and one harmful. Psychologist John Suler proposed a concept called the online disinhibition effect, describing how people behave differently on the internet than they do face to face. ( ① ) Because usernames often hide real identities and screens create physical distance from others, individuals feel freer to express themselves without immediate social consequences. ( ② ) This freedom can be beneficial, allowing shy people to share honest feelings they would normally hesitate to reveal in person. ( ③ ) However, the same anonymity frequently produces a darker outcome, encouraging users to post cruel comments they would never say to someone's face. ( ④ ) Malicious remarks left under celebrities' photos or news articles illustrate how quickly this behavior can spread once a few users set the tone. ( ⑤ ) Such comments often cause severe emotional harm to the people who receive them.

Their actual forecasting accuracy, however, has repeatedly proven no better than that of far less experienced participants, and sometimes even worse. Overconfidence among financial professionals presents a puzzling contradiction. ( ① ) Fund managers and analysts typically possess years of specialized training, access to vast quantities of market data, and considerable professional experience. ( ② ) One might reasonably expect such expertise to translate into consistently superior predictions about future market movements. ( ③ ) Longitudinal studies tracking professional forecasts against actual outcomes reveal a persistent gap between confidence and accuracy. ( ④ ) This finding does not imply that expertise is worthless, but it does suggest that expertise can inflate confidence more readily than it improves genuine predictive accuracy. ( ⑤ ) Investors would therefore do well to treat confident predictions, however credentialed their source, with a healthy measure of skepticism.

주어진 문장: In short, Fogg's model reminds us that ease of action, not sheer willpower, drives lasting behavior change. Many people believe that building a new habit requires strong willpower or motivation. ( ① ) However, psychologist BJ Fogg argues that habits form more easily when a behavior itself becomes simple to perform. ( ② ) His theory, called the Fogg Behavior Model, states that a behavior happens only when motivation, ability, and a prompt occur together. When motivation is low, the task must be made extremely easy, or it will not happen at all. ( ③ ) For instance, a person who wants to exercise daily succeeds more often by committing to one push-up than to a long workout. Fogg calls this idea the law of least effort, since people naturally choose the option requiring the least energy. ( ④ ) A student who wants to read more might leave a book open on the desk rather than setting a vague goal. By lowering the required effort, people reduce the ability barrier and make steady action far more achievable. ( ⑤ )