영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

A hamburger patty need not come from a slaughtered animal at all if a small sample of muscle cells ①can be persuaded to multiply inside a steel tank. Cultured meat begins with a biopsy of animal muscle tissue, from which scientists isolate cells ②capable of dividing repeatedly, then feed those cells a nutrient broth that supplies the sugars, proteins, and minerals an animal's bloodstream would normally provide. Inside a bioreactor, the cells multiply across scaffolding ③designed to encourage them to align into fibers, gradually thickening into something that begins to resemble muscle tissue rather than a shapeless clump of cells. Supporters argue that because the process never requires raising and slaughtering a whole animal, it could ④shrink the land, water, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with conventional meat production. Skeptics counter that producing the specialized broth at a large enough scale remains prohibitively expensive, meaning cultured meat is unlikely ⑤competing with conventional meat in price until the technology matures considerably further.

In our elective fashion design class, the first assignment was not to sketch a beautiful outfit but ①to design clothing for a specific, unusual situation, such as a rainy commute or a wheelchair user's daily routine. I initially found the assignment strange, since I ②had imagined fashion design as primarily about appearance rather than practical problem-solving. Researching my chosen situation, a delivery worker who bikes through the city in all weather, ③changing how I approached the project entirely. I realized that pockets needed to be reachable while cycling, that bright colors could improve visibility to drivers at night, and that waterproof fabric mattered more than any decorative detail I had originally planned. My final design looked far simpler than the elaborate sketches some classmates produced, yet our teacher ④praised it precisely because every choice solved a real problem the wearer would actually face. I finished the unit understanding that thoughtful design often begins with a person's needs, not with a ⑤striking image.

When people face a difficult decision, they often weigh not only the expected outcome of each option but also how painful it would feel ①to discover later that a different choice had been better. This anticipation of future regret, rather than the size of the potential loss itself, frequently becomes the dominant factor ②shaping the final decision. Investors, for example, sometimes continue holding a declining stock rather than ③selling it, not because they expect the price to recover, but because selling would force them to confront the possibility ④of having made a clear mistake. Researchers have found that people feel sharper regret over losses that resulted from taking action than over identical losses that resulted from doing nothing, which ⑤help explain why so many individuals default to inaction whenever a decision feels uncertain.

Emissions trading, a market-based mechanism for ①curbing greenhouse gases, allows governments to set an overall limit on carbon output while letting firms trade permits within that limit. Under this system, ②known as cap-and-trade, companies that cut emissions more cheaply than required can sell surplus allowances to firms facing higher reduction costs. Proponents argue that this flexibility lets society reach a given environmental target at the lowest overall cost, since abatement shifts toward whoever can ③achieve it most economically. Critics, however, ④contends that trading schemes frequently allocate too many permits, a flaw that has historically depressed carbon prices and blunted incentives to invest in cleaner technology. For example, early phases of several regional markets granted allowances so generously that permit prices collapsed, ⑤leaving polluters with little pressure to change their practices.

Anyone who has ever promised to finish a project "by Friday," only ①to still being working on it weeks later, has experienced the planning fallacy firsthand. This term describes the persistent tendency of individuals and organizations ②to underestimate how long a task will take, how much it will cost, and how many complications will inevitably arise. What makes this bias particularly stubborn is that awareness of past failures rarely leads to more accurate predictions; a construction firm that ③finished its last three projects late will often insist, with genuine confidence, that this next project will be different. Researchers argue that planners focus almost exclusively on the specific steps of the current task while ④ignoring the broader statistical record of similar projects that came before. Until such external correction becomes standard practice, ambitious deadlines will likely continue to be ⑤broken with remarkable consistency.

As efforts to ①curb greenhouse gas emissions intensify, industries unable to eliminate carbon dioxide from their processes have turned to a technology known as carbon capture and storage. This technology involves separating carbon dioxide from the exhaust of power plants before it is released into the atmosphere, then transporting the captured gas for underground injection. Once injected into porous rock formations, the gas is trapped beneath layers of impermeable rock that prevent it from escaping into the air. Proponents argue that carbon capture and storage functions as a bridge technology, allowing heavy industries to keep operating while more sustainable alternatives are ②developed. For instance, cement and steel production, both of which release carbon dioxide as an ③unavoidable byproduct of chemical reactions, are considered prime candidates for this approach. However, critics contend that the technology remains prohibitively ④cheap and that building pipelines requires investments few companies make voluntarily. Despite such concerns, many governments continue funding pilot projects, convinced that this technology will play an ⑤indispensable role in reaching emission targets.

Every July, our school library launches a summer reading challenge that invites students to read at least five books before classes begin again in September. Students who complete the challenge receive a ①small prize, but many say the real reward is something else entirely. Without daily homework and tests to worry about, summer gives students ②rare freedom to choose books purely because they sound interesting, not because a teacher assigned them. Librarians notice that students often pick more ③common genres during the challenge, including graphic novels, poetry, and nonfiction about hobbies they enjoy. This freedom seems to ④matter more than the prize itself, since students who only cared about winning tend to quit once the reading feels difficult, while curious readers keep going. Teachers who track student progress after summer report that challenge participants often return in September with noticeably ⑤stronger reading habits than classmates who read nothing over the break.

When Minji was in ninth grade, she posted a joking comment mocking a classmate's photo, never imagining anyone would remember it later. Last spring, she applied to join her school's student council, hoping her leadership experience would impress the selection committee. During the interview, however, one teacher mentioned having seen an old, unkind comment under Minji's name while reviewing applicants' profiles. Startled, Minji realized that everything she had ever posted online had quietly accumulated into what is called a digital footprint, a lasting trail of personal data left behind by online activity. Although she deleted the comment immediately, the damage to her reputation had already been done. She understood that digital footprints ___________.

Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results. Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, so that _______________. For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result.

주어진 문장: As a result, the combined effect of heat-absorbing surfaces and limited greenery can raise nighttime temperatures in cities by several additional degrees. Cities are frequently several degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, which intensifies in summer and threatens public health. ① This disparity arises largely because asphalt and concrete absorb solar radiation during the day and slowly release it as heat throughout the night, preventing urban areas from cooling down. ② Furthermore, the scarcity of vegetation in densely built areas removes a natural cooling mechanism, since plants lower temperatures by evaporating water from their leaves. ③ To address this problem, urban planners have begun implementing mitigation strategies designed to lower surface and air temperatures. ④ One widely used solution involves reflective "cool" roofing engineered to reflect more sunlight than dark rooftops absorb. Another strategy, green infrastructure, incorporates rooftop gardens and tree-lined streets that provide shade while releasing moisture. ⑤ In contrast, some cities have pursued permeable pavements that let water seep through and evaporate, cooling nearby surfaces. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤