영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

On a summer evening, downtown streets often feel ①noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities ②retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat ③instantly, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly radiate it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with ④abundant trees and open water naturally stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and ⑤expanding public parks, hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

Blue, for instance, is frequently used by financial and technology companies because it tends to evoke feelings of ①trust and stability. Green typically signals ②freshness or environmental responsibility, making it a popular choice for organic food brands. Despite these general patterns, cultural context matters significantly, since a color that suggests luck in one country might suggest ③mourning in another. Marketers who ④ignore these cultural differences risk sending ⑤intended messages to international audiences. For this reason, companies expanding into new markets often conduct extensive research before finalizing a logo's color scheme.

Psychologist Roy Baumeister proposed a concept called ego depletion theory, which suggests that ___________. According to this theory, every act of self-control, from resisting a snack to concentrating on difficult homework, draws from the same limited mental resource. As this resource becomes depleted throughout the day, later decisions require more effort and are more likely to fail. For instance, someone who exercises discipline avoiding distractions all morning may struggle to resist checking a phone by evening. Likewise, dieters report that self-control weakens sharply at night, after hours of resisting food. Some researchers argue that short breaks, adequate sleep, and blood sugar levels can help restore this depleted resource. Although later studies have questioned how strong this effect is, the theory still offers a useful framework for understanding why willpower seems to fade throughout a long day.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

Every plastic product carries a small recycling mark, but few students know what these marks mean. Each symbol _______________. For instance, the number one usually stands for clear plastic bottles, while the number five represents thicker containers like yogurt cups. Reading these marks is similar to reading nutrition labels on snacks, which tell you exactly what is inside. Without checking the label, you might buy something unhealthy by mistake. Likewise, throwing plastic away without checking its mark can send a reusable item straight to a landfill. Some marks even show that a material cannot be recycled at all, so it must be sorted separately. Therefore, taking a few seconds to check the mark before throwing something away makes recycling far more effective for everyone involved.

Jimin joined the school band club in March, but she had never performed before an audience. The club's first concert was only two weeks away, and everyone felt nervous. (A) Instead of laughing at her mistakes, however, the other members waited patiently and played the section again with her. The drummer, Suho, suggested that she focus on just one part at a time, and slowly her fingers grew more confident. (B) As a result, the club practiced until the melody sounded smooth the night before the concert. When Jimin finally walked onto the stage, she thought of her friends' patience instead of her fear, and the audience's warm applause proved that their support had made the difference. (C) During practice, her hands shook whenever the song reached the chorus, and she kept missing the same chord.

Climate change deniers often seem to ignore evidence that contradicts their views, and psychologists have a specific explanation for this behavior. (A) For example, someone whose job depends on fossil fuels may search for reasons to doubt the data, even while insisting that they respect science. (B) This concept, called motivated reasoning, describes how people process information in ways that protect their existing beliefs and lifestyles rather than pursue objective truth. (C) Rather than being a simple failure of intelligence, this pattern reflects a well-documented psychological tendency studied for decades.

The framing effect becomes especially consequential in public health communication, where the stakes of a misunderstood message can be severe. (A) Campaigns that frame vaccination as an opportunity to protect ninety-five percent of recipients from a disease tend to generate calm, sustained interest, since the message emphasizes what individuals stand to gain. (B) By contrast, campaigns that frame the same behavior negatively, warning that failure to act will result in a specific number of preventable illnesses, tend to provoke stronger short-term compliance, though sometimes at the cost of inducing anxiety rather than genuine understanding. (C) Public health officials must therefore weigh not only whether a message is factually accurate but also whether its emotional framing serves the audience's long-term well-being.

Researchers sometimes call this ability perspective-taking, and it does not stay confined to the pages of a book. Psychologists have long wondered whether reading fiction can change how people treat others in real life. ( ① ) Several studies suggest that novels which describe a character's inner thoughts in detail can train readers to imagine what other people are feeling, a skill closely related to empathy. ( ② ) When readers follow a character through difficult choices, they practice stepping into someone else's perspective without any real risk to themselves. ( ③ ) This kind of mental practice, researchers argue, can carry over into everyday situations, making readers more likely to notice a classmate's hidden sadness or understand a stranger's unusual behavior. ( ④ ) Not every book produces this effect equally. Stories that stay focused only on fast action, with little attention to characters' inner lives, appear to build empathy far less than stories that slow down to explore emotion. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, some psychologists now recommend that young readers balance fast-paced adventure novels with quieter stories about ordinary people and their feelings.

주어진 문장: This hesitation can appear even in group settings, where a single cautious voice may delay a decision for everyone. Behavioral economists use the term status quo bias to describe a tendency to prefer the present situation over a new alternative, even when the alternative would bring greater benefits. ( ① ) This bias helps explain why many households hesitate to switch to renewable energy, such as installing solar panels on their roofs. ( ② ) Although solar panels can lower electricity bills over time, homeowners often stick with their current power source because it feels safe and requires no immediate effort. ( ③ ) In contrast, switching demands research, upfront cost, and trust in unfamiliar technology, all of which can seem risky compared with doing nothing. ( ④ ) For example, a neighborhood association might repeatedly postpone a vote on shared solar panels, not because the plan is flawed, but because members are reluctant to leave their routine. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, boosting renewable adoption may depend less on proving its advantages and more on designing programs that make the first step feel easy.