영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

When summer vacation began, I decided to make a daily schedule so that I would not waste my free time. At first, my plan was too ①strict, with study sessions packed back to back and almost no breaks. After only three days, I felt exhausted and gave up on the schedule completely. My older sister recommended setting two or three main goals for each day rather than filling every single hour, which sounded much more ②relaxed. I also learned to include short breaks between tasks, since resting actually ③helps me focus better afterward. Since making these changes, I have been able to follow my schedule much more ④consistently, and my vacation has become both productive and ⑤stressful.

When a resource is shared among many users, none of whom bears the full cost of its depletion, each individual is ①tempted to extract as much value as possible before others do the same. This dynamic, famously labeled the tragedy of the commons, describes how shared pastures and fisheries can be ②degraded even when every participant privately understands the danger of overuse. A single herder who adds one more animal to a communal pasture gains the ③entire benefit of that addition, whereas the resulting damage to the grass is shared among other herders who depend on the land. Because self-interest offers no incentive to restrain consumption unilaterally, the resource tends to be ④exhausted long before any user intends such an outcome. For decades, economists assumed that only two remedies existed: strict regulation or the conversion of shared resources into private property. Elinor Ostrom ⑤confirmed this assumption, however, by documenting communities that had sustainably managed fisheries and forests for generations through locally devised rules and mutual monitoring rather than external control.

A rational approach to decision-making dictates that only future costs and benefits should influence a choice, since resources already spent cannot be ①recovered regardless of what is decided next. In practice, however, people routinely allow such irrecoverable expenditures, known as sunk costs, to shape their subsequent decisions, a pattern referred to as the sunk cost fallacy. A moviegoer who finds a film thoroughly ②disappointing after the first thirty minutes will often remain in the theater until the credits roll, reasoning that leaving early would somehow waste the money already spent on the ticket. Organizations exhibit the same fallacy on a larger scale: a company that has invested heavily in a failing project frequently ③abandons funding it, arguing that stopping the project now would render the prior investment meaningless. Yet continuing to invest in a venture destined to fail merely adds new losses to old ones, ④compounding the very waste the decision-makers hoped to avoid. Economists therefore urge decision-makers to evaluate each choice based solely on its prospective outcomes, treating past expenditures as ⑤irrelevant to the decision at hand.

When engineers design the software that controls a self-driving car, they inevitably face a question that philosophers have debated for ① decades. If a crash becomes unavoidable, should the vehicle protect its own passenger at all costs, or should it be programmed to ② minimize total harm, even if that means steering toward the person inside? Surveys reveal an uncomfortable ③ contradiction: most people say a car should be programmed to save the greater number of lives, yet the same people admit they would never buy a vehicle designed to sacrifice its own owner. This gap between the ideal and the personal choice suggests that ethical programming cannot be settled by public opinion alone. Manufacturers, regulators, and philosophers must instead agree on ④ transparent rules before autonomous vehicles are ⑤ forbidden to make such decisions on the road.

Color plays a surprisingly powerful role in how consumers perceive brands, often shaping first impressions before a single word is read. Blue, for instance, is frequently used by financial and technology companies because it tends to evoke feelings of trust and stability. Red, in contrast, is associated with energy and urgency, which explains why it appears so often in logos for fast-food chains and clearance sales. Green typically signals freshness or environmental responsibility, making it a popular choice for organic food brands. Despite these general patterns, ___________. Marketers who ignore these cultural differences risk sending unintended messages to international audiences. For this reason, companies expanding into new markets often conduct extensive research before finalizing a logo's color scheme.

Identical information can provoke strikingly different reactions depending on how it is worded, a phenomenon economists call the framing effect. Patients told that a surgical procedure carries a ninety percent survival rate tend to consent to it far more readily than patients told that the same procedure carries a ten percent mortality rate, even though the two descriptions convey exactly the same statistical reality. Recognizing how deeply framing shapes judgment is therefore essential, not because the underlying facts change, but because the very same facts, dressed in different language, can lead reasonable people toward ___________ conclusions.

Factories that once employed hundreds of workers on an assembly line now run with a fraction of that staff, as robotic arms handle tasks that used to require human hands. (A) However, critics point out that earlier transitions unfolded over generations, giving workers time to retrain, whereas today's robots are being deployed much faster. (B) Historical evidence offers some comfort: previous waves of automation eventually created new categories of work that no one had predicted. (C) A factory worker displaced this year, therefore, cannot simply wait for a new industry to emerge decades from now.

There are a few simple strategies that make writing a personal statement easier. (A) Second, use specific examples instead of vague statements, since details make a story more convincing. (B) First, explain what each experience taught you rather than simply listing your achievements. (C) Finally, always proofread carefully, since small errors can distract readers from an otherwise strong statement.

My younger brother was especially excited to see the huge whale model hanging from the ceiling. Last Saturday, the temperature outside reached almost thirty-eight degrees, so my family decided to stay indoors for the entire day. ( ① ) At first, I worried that staying inside would be boring, but we found several fun activities to enjoy together. ( ② ) In the morning, we visited a nearby indoor climbing gym, where I learned some basic climbing techniques from an instructor. ( ③ ) After lunch, we went to a small museum near our house that had a special exhibition about ocean animals. ( ④ ) In the afternoon, we played board games at a cafe that offered dozens of different games. ( ⑤ ) By the time we got home, I realized that indoor activities could be just as exciting as outdoor ones.

It is also important to wear bright or reflective clothing so that drivers can see you clearly. Riding a bicycle is a great way to stay active during summer vacation, but safety should always come first. ( ① ) Before you ride, check that your tires are properly inflated and your brakes are working well. ( ② ) Wearing a helmet is essential, since it can prevent serious head injuries in an accident. ( ③ ) Riders should always follow traffic signals and ride in the same direction as traffic, never against it. ( ④ ) In addition, keep both hands on the handlebars and avoid using your phone while riding. ( ⑤ ) Carrying a water bottle is wise, since dehydration can cause dizziness and affect your balance.