영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Skipping a proper warm-up before intense exercise might seem like a harmless way to save a few minutes, but the practice ①carries real physiological costs. A cold muscle is stiffer and less elastic than a warm one, making it considerably more prone to strains and tears when suddenly ②asked to contract forcefully. Gradually raising body temperature through light activity increases blood flow to the muscles, ③allowing oxygen to reach tissue more efficiently and enabling nerve signals to travel faster between the brain and the muscle fibers. A proper warm-up also raises heart rate gradually, ④easing the cardiovascular system into strenuous work rather than shocking it with a sudden demand. Athletes who warm up thoroughly tend to report better performance in the early minutes of competition, since their bodies are already primed rather than ⑤adjust on the fly.

When the body fights off an infection, the immune system relies heavily on adequate sleep to function ①effectively. During deep sleep, the body produces and releases cytokines, proteins that help ②regulate immune responses and coordinate the fight against harmful invaders. People who consistently sleep fewer than six hours a night show measurably ③weaker antibody responses after vaccination compared with those who sleep seven or eight hours. Chronic sleep deprivation also appears to ④reduce low-grade inflammation throughout the body, a state that has been linked to a higher risk of heart disease. Rather than being a passive state, sleep functions as an active period during which the immune system repairs itself and ⑤prepares for future threats.

Turning on automatic captions used to mean settling for garbled text full of obvious errors, but recent speech-recognition models have made same-language captions ①accurate enough that many viewers now leave them on by default, even when watching content in their native language. The technology listens to audio, breaks it into individual sounds, and matches those sounds against a massive library of words and phrases to predict what was actually said. For viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing, this improvement has quietly ②transformed everyday access to video content that once required a human transcriber and a considerable amount of time to caption properly. The system still ③excels at overlapping speakers, strong accents, and specialized vocabulary such as medical or technical terms, occasionally producing captions that are unintentionally funny. Even with these ④flaws, most users agree that imperfect captions are far more ⑤useful than no captions at all.

Communication scholar Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann proposed the spiral of silence theory to explain why certain opinions ①dominate public discussion while others fade into invisibility. According to this theory, individuals constantly observe their surrounding environment to judge which opinions are widely accepted and which are not. When people sense that their own view belongs to a minority, they often choose to stay ②vocal rather than risk social isolation or criticism. This silence, however, creates a distorted impression that the minority opinion is even ③rarer than it actually is, discouraging additional supporters from speaking up. Over time, this cycle spirals downward, allowing the dominant opinion to appear increasingly ④unanimous while dissenting voices disappear from visible conversation. Social media platforms can intensify this spiral, since visibility metrics make popular opinions instantly ⑤noticeable while unpopular ones remain hidden.

The human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms whose combined genetic material ①trails that of the human genome itself many times over. Once dismissed as ②passive hitchhikers, these bacteria are now understood to actively shape digestion, regulate immune responses, and even influence the production of chemicals that affect mood and behavior. A microbiome disrupted by antibiotics, poor diet, or chronic stress can leave the gut lining more ③permeable than it should be, allowing substances to leak into the bloodstream that would normally stay contained. Researchers studying this connection have found that transplanting gut bacteria from a healthy donor into a patient can, in some cases, ④relieve symptoms of certain digestive disorders that conventional medication had failed to treat. Still, scientists caution that the microbiome varies enormously between individuals, which means a treatment that restores balance in one person's gut may do ⑤little for someone else's.

Physical education class often feels like the one period of the day when students can finally move freely, which sometimes leads them to skip the warm-up routine that teachers insist on before any real activity begins. Cold muscles, however, are noticeably less flexible than warmed ones, and _______________. Coaches often compare an unwarmed muscle to a cold rubber band that snaps rather than stretches under sudden pressure.

Attention, all students! Our school is starting a New Year Goal-Setting Campaign, and ___________. During the first week of January, every student will receive a small goal card in homeroom class and write one personal goal along with two simple steps to achieve it. After completing the card, students will submit it to their homeroom teacher, and all cards will be displayed on the bulletin board outside the library.

Last spring, Mina joined the school environmental club because she wanted to make a difference. At first, she felt nervous about speaking in front of the other members. However, the club leader, who had been recycling for years, welcomed her warmly. Every Friday, the members walked around the school picking up trash near the playground. Mina soon realized that this weekly habit was like watering a small plant every day. For example, a single plastic bottle left outside could take hundreds of years to disappear. Therefore, the club decided to place clear recycling bins in every classroom. In contrast to her early doubts, Mina _______________. Her classmates started separating cans and paper without being reminded by teachers. By the end of the semester, Mina had become an active member.

For this reason, many economists argue that the real challenge is not the robots themselves, but the speed at which society is expected to adapt to them. Factories that once employed hundreds of workers on an assembly line now run with a fraction of that staff, as robotic arms handle tasks that used to require human hands. ( ① ) Economists have long debated whether this shift destroys jobs or simply transforms them. ( ② ) Historical evidence offers some comfort: previous waves of automation eventually created new categories of work that no one had predicted. ( ③ ) However, critics point out that earlier transitions unfolded over generations, giving workers time to retrain, whereas today's robots are being deployed at a pace that leaves little room for adjustment. ( ④ ) A factory worker displaced this year cannot simply wait for a new industry to emerge decades from now. ( ⑤ )

Scarcity cues of this kind are becoming increasingly common across online retail platforms, appearing on everything from hotel bookings to concert tickets. A shopper browsing an online store notices that a particular item is marked as "only three left in stock." ( ① ) Before seeing this notice, the shopper had regarded the item with only mild interest, uncertain whether it was worth purchasing at all. ( ② ) After seeing the notice, however, the same shopper suddenly feels a pressing urge to complete the purchase before the remaining stock disappears, even though nothing about the item itself has changed. ( ③ ) This shift in urgency illustrates how scarcity cues can transform hesitation into immediate action within moments. ( ④ ) Retailers are well aware of this dynamic, which is why such notices frequently appear even when actual stock levels are difficult for customers to verify independently. ( ⑤ ) Whether the stated scarcity is genuine or exaggerated, its psychological effect on the shopper's behavior remains remarkably similar.