영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Drinking enough water ①are especially important during the hot summer months. When you sweat a lot, your body loses not only water but also important minerals ②called electrolytes. If you do not replace these losses, you may feel tired, dizzy, or ③even suffer from muscle cramps. It is best ④to avoid sugary drinks and too much caffeine, since they can make dehydration worse. Eating water-rich fruits and vegetables ⑤can also help you stay hydrated.

Economists have long debated whether prosperity and environmental quality are fundamentally opposed, or whether the relationship between them ①changes shape as an economy matures. The Environmental Kuznets Curve, a hypothesis ②borrowed from earlier theories of income inequality, proposes that pollution initially rises alongside economic growth before eventually declining once a society crosses a certain threshold of wealth. In its early stages, industrializing nations prioritize output over conservation, ③treats clean air and water as expendable costs of development to be addressed later. Beyond a certain point, however, rising incomes generate both the technological capacity and the political will ④to demand stricter regulation, so degradation begins to reverse even as production keeps expanding. Some scholars regard this trajectory as a reassuring paradox, suggesting that the very growth ⑤blamed for ecological harm may eventually finance its own repair. Critics, by contrast, argue that the curve rests on a narrow selection of pollutants that happen to decline with wealth, while ignoring greenhouse gases and resource depletion, which show no comparable tendency to fall.

Audiobooks have grown rapidly in popularity over the past several years, and many commuters now listen to novels instead of reading printed pages. Publishers report that audiobook sales continue to rise every year, while the growth of printed book sales has ①slowed. Part of the appeal is ②convenience, since listeners can enjoy a story while driving, exercising, or doing housework. Some traditional readers argue that listening to a book is not the same as truly reading it, because the listener does not process written words directly. Researchers who study this question have found that comprehension scores for listeners and readers are usually very ③similar, as long as the material is not too complex. The biggest difference tends to appear with ④dense, technical material, which is often easier to follow in print because readers can pause and reread difficult sentences at will. For most everyday reading, however, the debate over audiobooks may matter less than simply finding a format that keeps people ⑤disengaged with stories.

Psychologists who study daily behavior describe habits through a model called the cue-routine-reward loop. This theory explains that every habit begins with a cue, a signal that tells the brain to start an automatic behavior. The brain then performs a routine, which is the action itself, whether physical or mental. Finally, the brain receives a reward, a positive feeling that makes it want to repeat the same behavior. For example, a notification sound can act as a cue that leads a student to check a phone, and the relief from boredom becomes the reward. Similarly, opening a refrigerator out of habit rather than hunger shows how a routine can run without conscious thought. Because this loop operates automatically, breaking a bad habit requires ___________. Understanding this structure helps people redesign daily patterns more effectively than relying on willpower alone.

For many years, comic books and graphic novels were seen as a lazy alternative to real reading. Parents and teachers often worried that pictures did the work that words should do, leaving young readers with weaker vocabulary and imagination. Recent research, however, tells a more complicated story. _______________. This combination can build a different but equally valuable set of reading skills. Teachers who once banned comics from their classrooms are now using them to reach students who struggled with traditional novels. Rather than replacing traditional reading, graphic novels appear to work best as a bridge that leads students toward it.

Stairs seem too ordinary to be dangerous, which is why many people treat them carelessly, texting, carrying an armful of books, or skipping two steps at a time. Emergency room records tell a different story: _______________. Familiarity encourages a kind of autopilot mode, in which a person stops looking at each step and instead relies on memory of where the stairs should be.

Prospect theory proposes that the subjective value of money is not a straight line but a curved function. In the domain of gains, the function bends downward as amounts increase. A parallel pattern appears among losses, where the curve bends in the opposite direction, yet sensitivity still fades as the amount grows larger. This tendency, known as diminishing sensitivity, explains why _______________. Understanding this curvature allows economists to predict decisions that a simple, linear model of value could never anticipate.

This natural advantage, however, is only a starting point rather than a fixed ceiling. VO2 max, defined as the maximum volume of oxygen a person's body can consume and use during intense exercise, is widely regarded as one of the best single indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness. ( ① ) Elite endurance athletes typically post VO2 max values far higher than those of untrained individuals, reflecting hearts that pump larger volumes of blood and muscles that extract oxygen from that blood with remarkable efficiency. ( ② ) While genetics accounts for a substantial portion of an individual's potential VO2 max, consistent aerobic training can still raise the measurement considerably over months of dedicated effort. ( ③ ) Interval training, which alternates short bursts of near-maximal effort with periods of recovery, has proven particularly effective at improving this measurement compared to steady, moderate-intensity exercise alone. ( ④ ) It is worth noting, however, that a high VO2 max does not guarantee success in competition, since factors such as running economy, pacing strategy, and mental resilience also play a decisive role in determining who actually crosses the finish line first. ( ⑤ )

A joke that depends on wordplay in one language, for example, may become confusing or even meaningless once it is translated literally into another. Only a decade ago, translation apps produced sentences so awkward that users often laughed at the results rather than trusting them. ( ① ) Today, many of these apps rely on neural networks that analyze entire sentences at once, capturing context instead of translating word by word. ( ② ) This shift has made everyday tasks such as reading a foreign menu or chatting with an overseas friend remarkably smooth. ( ③ ) Frequent travelers now point their phone cameras at street signs and receive an instant translation overlaid on the screen. ( ④ ) Even so, the technology still struggles with humor, sarcasm, and cultural nuance, areas where a single wrong word can completely change the intended meaning. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, professional translators argue that these apps are best treated as a helpful starting point rather than a final, polished result.

After all, the sentences are short and the pictures seem to do most of the storytelling. Picture books are usually written for young children, but a growing number of adults are picking them up for themselves. ( ① ) At first glance, a picture book seems too simple for someone who has already learned to read long novels. ( ② ) However, many picture books deal with serious themes, such as loss, fear, and change, using only a few carefully chosen words. ( ③ ) Because the text is short, every sentence carries extra weight, and readers naturally slow down to notice small details in the pictures. ( ④ ) This slower pace can feel calming for adults who are used to rushing through long articles and constant notifications. ( ⑤ ) A picture book can also be finished in a single sitting, which makes it easy to return to the same story again and again, and for these reasons, therapists and teachers sometimes recommend picture books not only to children but also to stressed adults who need a quiet moment.