영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

One Saturday morning, Jiho carried a heavy bag of old clothes to the donation box near his apartment. He had grown taller over the winter, so many shirts no longer ①fit him. At first, he almost threw the clothes into the regular trash without thinking twice. However, his older sister reminded him that clean clothes could still ②help someone else. She explained that donating clothes was like ③give a plant a second chance to grow. For example, a jacket he ④had outgrown might keep another child warm this winter. Therefore, Jiho folded each shirt neatly and ⑤placed them gently inside the box. In contrast to his first careless idea, he now felt genuinely happy about his choice. Walking home, Jiho realized that small actions could create meaningful change for others.

On a summer evening, downtown streets often ①feel noticeably hotter than nearby parks or suburban neighborhoods, even after the sun has set. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island effect, occurs when cities retain more heat than surrounding rural areas because of their dense concentration of asphalt, concrete, and buildings. Unlike soil or vegetation, which absorb and release heat gradually, these man-made surfaces absorb sunlight during the day and slowly ②radiates it back at night, preventing temperatures from cooling. Tall buildings ③packed closely together also block wind, trapping warm air within narrow streets. In contrast, areas with abundant trees and open water naturally ④stay cooler, since plants release moisture that helps lower surrounding temperatures. To reduce this effect, many cities have begun installing rooftop gardens and expanding public parks, ⑤hoping that additional greenery will absorb less heat than pavement does.

The framing effect describes how people respond differently to the same information depending on how it is presented, even when the underlying facts remain unchanged. When news outlets describe climate change primarily as a looming ①crisis, filled with images of disasters and warnings of irreversible damage, audiences often react with ②confidence or, paradoxically, with hopeless resignation. In contrast, when the same issue is framed as an ③opportunity, emphasizing innovative technologies and emerging green jobs, readers tend to feel more ④motivated to act and support policy change. Neither framing alone tells the complete story, since climate change genuinely involves both serious risks and promising solutions. Therefore, journalists who rely too heavily on either extreme risk distorting public understanding and discouraging meaningful engagement. A ⑤balanced approach, which honestly presents dangers while highlighting realistic paths forward, is far more likely to sustain long-term public attention and inspire lasting action.

Setting a goal is only the first step; keeping track of progress is just as important. Many people write down goals at the beginning of the year but never check how far they have come. Without regular records, ___________. Keeping a simple log, such as a weekly checklist or a short journal entry, lets a person see clear evidence of improvement over time.

Last Saturday, Jimin visited the recycling center near her apartment with her science class. She had expected the place to be dirty and unpleasant, but _______________. A worker named Mr. Park guided the students through each area, explaining how bottles, cans, and paper were sorted. He showed them a machine that crushed plastic bottles into small pieces before they were sent to factories. Jimin was surprised to learn that mixed trash, thrown into the wrong bin, often ruined an entire batch of recyclables. For example, one greasy pizza box could contaminate a whole pile of clean paper. However, when items were sorted correctly, they could be reused many times, almost like ingredients in a favorite recipe. Walking home, Jimin realized that her small effort at home truly mattered. She decided to sort her family's trash more carefully.

Social psychologists describe a phenomenon called the bystander effect, in which individuals become less likely to help a victim as the number of witnesses increases. Each observer assumes someone else will step in, and this diffusion of responsibility leaves no one willing to act. Cyberbullying magnifies this problem, since a single humiliating post can be witnessed by thousands of people scattered across the internet rather than a few standing nearby. Anonymity intensifies the effect further, allowing silent observers to scroll past cruel comments without feeling accountable for their inaction. Some bystanders even worry that intervening publicly might make them the bully's next target, so they choose to remain silent instead. However, silence signals approval to both the bully and the audience watching the exchange unfold. Experts insist that even a single supportive comment can disrupt this harmful pattern. Therefore, witnesses online must _______________.

Turning off lights when you leave a room seems like a tiny action, but it saves more energy than most people expect. (A) However, when an entire school forms this habit together, the total amount of saved energy becomes significant. Therefore, this small daily habit can create a surprisingly large positive effect for the whole planet. (B) Every light left on in an empty room wastes electricity that could have powered something useful elsewhere. For example, a single classroom light left on overnight can waste enough energy to charge dozens of phones. (C) This habit is similar to leaving a faucet running while you brush your teeth, where water flows out for no reason. Both actions seem harmless in the moment, but they add up to a serious waste over time. Some students argue that a single light does not make much difference.

Imagine two factories making the same product: one in a country with strict carbon rules, and one in a country with almost none. (A) However, critics claim it unfairly burdens developing countries, which often lack money to modernize factories quickly. For example, a small exporter in a poorer nation might struggle to pay the added charge, though it contributes little to global emissions. Still, if wealthier nations pair the policy with technical support, it could become a genuinely fair tool for cutting emissions worldwide. (B) Supporters argue that the system protects domestic industries and pushes foreign manufacturers toward cleaner methods. (C) The factory facing stricter rules often spends more, which can make its goods pricier than those made elsewhere. To fix this imbalance, some governments have introduced the carbon border adjustment mechanism, a policy charging imported goods a fee based on how much carbon was released while producing them.

주어진 문장: In other words, those who did the least to cause the problem often end up paying the highest price for it. When people discuss climate change, they often focus only on rising temperatures or melting ice, treating it as a purely scientific issue. ( ① ) However, the concept of climate justice reminds us that the causes and consequences of climate change are distributed unevenly across the globe. ( ② ) Wealthy, industrialized nations have historically released the largest share of greenhouse gases while building their economies, yet developing nations, which contributed comparatively little, frequently suffer the most severe droughts and floods. ( ③ ) This gap between responsibility and suffering raises a serious ethical question that science alone cannot answer. ( ④ ) For example, a farming community in a low-income country may lose its entire harvest to an unusual flood, even though its members have never owned a car or flown on a plane. ( ⑤ ) Therefore, tackling climate change requires more than new technology; it demands fair policies supporting the very communities least responsible for causing the crisis.

주어진 문장: Without such structure, even highly motivated students may unconsciously postpone tasks that feel too far removed from the present moment. Behavioral economists use the term temporal discounting to describe how people undervalue future rewards simply because those rewards are not immediate. ( ① ) This tendency explains why a student might choose to watch videos tonight rather than study for an exam that remains several weeks away, even though studying offers a greater long-term benefit. ( ② ) A distant reward, no matter how valuable, feels psychologically smaller than a small reward available right now. This bias contributes to procrastination, since future consequences rarely feel urgent enough to motivate immediate action. ( ③ ) To counter this tendency, students should convert distant goals into smaller, near-term milestones that feel more emotionally real. ( ④ ) Setting weekly checkpoints rather than a final deadline can make future benefits feel closer and more concrete. Teachers and parents should provide immediate, meaningful feedback, since prompt recognition helps bridge the gap between present effort and delayed reward, ultimately reducing the urge to postpone tasks. ( ⑤ )