영어 모의고사 (자동 편성)

Students who read many books across many different subjects often develop a habit ① that quieter learners sometimes lack: the habit of comparing new information with what they already know. A student who has read about ancient wars, ocean ecosystems, and modern economics can more easily notice when two different subjects ② share a similar pattern. This kind of connection-making is closely related to what psychologists call critical thinking, since seeing a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar topic ③ allows a person to ask sharper questions instead of accepting new information at face value. Extensive reading also builds a large mental library of examples, which makes it easier ④ to evaluate whether a new claim sounds reasonable or exaggerated. Teachers often notice that widely read students argue more carefully, ⑤ support their opinions with specific examples rather than vague generalizations.

Why do people often ① overvalue objects they have partly built themselves, even when the finished product is objectively ② inferior to something they could have simply purchased? This puzzle, which researchers named after a furniture retailer famous for selling items that require home assembly, challenges the standard economic assumption that value is determined solely by an object's inherent qualities. In a series of experiments, participants who assembled a plain storage box were willing to pay nearly as much for their own ③ imperfect creation as they were for a professionally built version, despite being fully aware of its flaws. Labor, it seems, functions as a kind of psychological investment: once effort has been poured into a task, individuals become ④ reluctant to judge the outcome objectively, because doing so would require admitting that their effort was partly wasted. This tendency helps explain why consumers often prefer products that demand some degree of personal assembly, even when a comparable finished item is available at a ⑤ higher price and requires no time investment whatsoever.

For many years, comic books and graphic novels were seen as a ① lazy alternative to real reading. Parents and teachers often worried that pictures did the work that words should do, leaving young readers with ② weaker vocabulary and imagination. Recent research, however, tells a more ③ complicated story. Graphic novels actually require readers to combine written text with visual clues, inferring emotion from a character's expression or understanding time gaps between panels. This combination can build a ④ different but equally valuable set of reading skills. Teachers who once banned comics from their classrooms are now using them to reach students who struggled with traditional novels, finding that many reluctant readers finish an entire graphic novel and then move on to longer books with new confidence. Rather than replacing traditional reading, graphic novels appear to work best as an ⑤ obstacle that leads students toward it.

Cities are frequently several degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect, which intensifies in summer and threatens public health. This disparity arises largely because asphalt and concrete absorb solar radiation during the day and slowly release it as heat throughout the night, preventing urban areas from cooling down. Furthermore, the scarcity of vegetation in densely built areas removes a natural cooling mechanism, since plants lower temperatures by evaporating water from their leaves. To address this problem, urban planners _______________. One widely used solution involves reflective "cool" roofing engineered to reflect more sunlight than dark rooftops absorb. Another strategy, green infrastructure, incorporates rooftop gardens and tree-lined streets that provide shade while releasing moisture. In contrast, some cities have pursued permeable pavements that let water seep through and evaporate, cooling nearby surfaces. Collectively, these strategies show that reducing urban heat depends on combining approaches suited to a city's geography.

A cluster of neurons smaller than a pea can now spontaneously organize itself into layered structures that mimic, in miniature, the architecture of a developing human brain. Grown from stem cells coaxed to follow the same developmental cues that guide an embryo, these brain organoids have begun firing electrical signals in patterns that faintly resemble the activity recorded in an infant's brain. For researchers studying disorders such as autism or schizophrenia, this offers something long unavailable: a living model of human brain development that can be observed and manipulated directly, without ever touching an actual patient. Because organoids lack sensory organs, a body, or any connection to the outside world, most neuroscientists argue that the structures cannot generate anything resembling subjective experience, however brain-like their electrical activity may appear. _______________.

Accidents rarely wait for a doctor to be nearby, which is why basic first aid knowledge can make a critical difference in the first few minutes after an injury occurs. Many students assume that only professionals should touch an injured person, fearing that any mistake might make things worse. In reality, a few simple actions, such as applying steady pressure to a bleeding wound or keeping an unconscious person's airway clear, can prevent a minor injury from becoming a life-threatening one. _______________, since every minute without basic care allows a treatable injury to worsen. Of course, first aid is never a substitute for professional medical treatment, and it should never replace an emergency call.

When workers receive a five percent raise in a year when prices have climbed five percent as well, their real purchasing power has not changed at all, yet many still report _______________. This tendency to judge economic well-being by nominal figures printed on a paycheck, rather than by what that money can actually purchase, is known among economists as money illusion. Employers exploit this pattern by favoring modest nominal raises over deeper structural adjustments, since a visible increase on a payslip satisfies employees more effectively than an explanation about inflation could.

My grandmother keeps a wooden cabinet filled with tiny furniture, each piece no larger than a fingernail, that she has been building for over a decade as a miniature hobby. When I first saw the cabinet, I assumed the appeal was simply how impressively small and precise the pieces looked. Talking with her while she worked, though, I learned that _______________. She once spent three weekends carving a single tiny bookshelf, only to leave two of its shelves deliberately empty, explaining that a completely full room would look staged rather than lived-in. That small decision taught me that miniature craft is not primarily about precision, but about convincingly imagining an ordinary life small enough to fit inside a shoebox.

Many schools give students a list of recommended books at the start of each year. Choosing these books is not as simple as picking well-known titles. Teachers must think about a wide range of student interests, not just their own favorites. A good list should also include stories from different cultures and different kinds of characters, so that every student can find someone to relate to. Reading level matters too; a book that is too difficult can make a student give up on reading altogether, while a book that is too easy may feel boring. Teachers often ask students for feedback after they finish a book, and they slowly update the list based on what students actually enjoyed. In the end, _______________.

주어진 문장: This effect has been demonstrated so consistently across age groups and subject areas that few findings in cognitive psychology are considered more reliable. Dual coding theory, first proposed to explain why certain kinds of information are remembered more readily than others, holds that the mind processes verbal and visual material through two partially independent channels rather than a single unified system. ( ① ) According to this account, words and other linguistic symbols are encoded primarily through a verbal channel that represents meaning in an abstract, sequential form, while pictures and concrete objects are encoded through an imagery channel that preserves spatial and perceptual detail. ( ② ) When information engages both channels simultaneously, as when a textbook pairs a written explanation with an accompanying diagram, the resulting memory trace benefits from two separate, mutually reinforcing pathways of retrieval rather than just one. ( ③ ) This redundancy explains the well-documented picture superiority effect, whereby concrete, easily visualized words tend to be recalled more accurately than abstract terms that resist mental imagery. ( ④ ) Consequently, dual coding theory has profound implications for instructional design, suggesting that combining carefully chosen visuals with concise verbal explanations can strengthen students' long-term retention of complex material. ( ⑤ )